英语主要修辞手法

英语修辞EnglishRhetoricDevicesEnglishRhetoricDevicesFiguresofspeech(修辞)arewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.Whenweusewordsinotherthantheirordinaryorliteralsensetolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreatesuggestiveimagery,wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfiguratively.EnglishRhetoricDevicesRhetoricdevicesmakeyourspeeches,essaysetc.moreinterestingandlivelyandhelpyoutogetandkeepyourreader’s/listener’sattention.Nowwearegoingtotalkaboutsomecommonformsoffiguresofspeech.Simile：(明喻）Itisanexpressedlikeness,whichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristic(特性)incommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.Simile：(明喻）e.g.Ascoldwateristoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.Reasonistofaithastheeyetothetelescope.Hebellowedlikeabullseekingcombat.Metaphor：(暗喻）Itislikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Metaphor：(暗喻）e.g.Theworldisastage.Thefountainofknowledgewilldryupunlessitiscontinuouslyreplenishedbystreamsofnewlearning.Youreyeisthelampofyourbody;whenyoureyeissound,yourwholebodyisfulloflight;butwhenitisnotsound,yourbodyisfullofdarkness.Analogy:(类比）Itisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphorwhichusuallyusescomparisonononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.Thepatternis:AistoBasCistoD借助一些共同的相似之点来做平行的比较，比明喻和暗喻着眼点更广阔。Analogy:(类比）e.g.Shoeistofootastireistowheel.Followersaretoaleaderasplanetsaretoasun.Shellsweretoancientculturesasdollarbillsaretomodernculture.Personification:(拟人）Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes(赋予)toinanimate(无生命的)objects,ortoideasandabstractions(抽象).把事、物、观念等拟作人，赋予它们以人的思想,感情与行为方式。Personification:(拟人）e.g.Thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.Moneytalks;moneyprints;moneybroadcasts;moneyreigns.Hyperbole:(夸张）Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasis.在真实的基础上有意言过其实以更好地反映事物的本质。Hyperbole:(夸张）e.g.Healmostdiedlaughing.Hamlet:IloveOphelia:fortythousandbrotherscouldnot,withalltheirquantityoflove,makeupmysum.Hiseloquencewouldsplitrocks.Mylegsweighthreetons.Understatement(低调陈述/含蓄陈述)Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately(故意地)understatingitorminimizingtheimportance,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.轻描淡写地陈述一种想法。UnderstatementYouknowIwouldbealittledisappointedifyouweretobehitbyadrunkdriverattwoa.m.,soIhopeyouwillbehomeearly.Thefacewasn’tabadone:ithadwhattheycalledcharm.(正话反说，反映说话者的矜持)Themanisnofool.这个人决不是个傻瓜Yes,Iknowalittleaboutrocks.(Arockexpertsays)Euphemism:(委婉）Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive(无冒犯)expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.用比较温和的词代替粗鲁的词或使人不愉快的词，用通行的词代替禁忌的词。Euphemism:(委婉）e.g.CharlesShively,94,passedawayathomeandwenttobewiththeLordonApril22,2004,fromnaturalcauses.Hewenttosleeppeacefully—butforever.(becalledtoGod;benomore;gotohislonghome;begonetoabetterland)funeral→memorialservicegraveyard→memorygarden.Metonymy(转喻/借代）Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemeaningofonethingforthatofanother.用一个单词代替另外一个在概念上有关联的单词Metonymy(转喻/借代）e.g.Thepen(words)ismightierthanthesword(forces/war).Bewareofbottle.(谨防喝醉酒)Theredeyeswalkedintotheclassroom.Hehasagoodearformusic.他善于欣赏音乐。Hehasasharptongue.他言语尖刻。Synecdoche(提喻）Synecdocheissomekindofgeneralizationorspecificationthatinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.用局部代替整体，单个代替类别，具体代替抽象；或反过来。Synecdoche(提喻）Theysaythere’sbreadandworkforall.Turningourlongboatround[…]onthelastmorningrequiredallhandsondeck…(hands=people)Troopshaltthedrivers(troops=soldiers)Sheworegoldaroundherneck.(gold=chain)Pun:(双关语）Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.一个词在上下文中有双重或更多的含义。英语中常用同形异义词（拼写相同但意义不同）或同音异义词（发音相同或相似，拼写与意义不同）来造成双关的效果。Pun:(双关语）e.g.Acannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.(Here“arms”hastwomeanings:aperson’sbody;weaponscarriedbyasoldier.)e.g.Askformetomorrowandyoushallfindmeagraveman.(graveman，即是严肃的人，又是坟墓中的死人。)Zeugma:(轭式搭配/拈连）Itisasinglewordwhichismadetomodifyortogoverntwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,witherproperlyapplyinginsensetoonlyoneofthem,orapplyingtothemindifferentsenses.用一个形容词修饰两个名词，其中一个修饰是通顺的、规范的，另外一个修饰则是勉强的、不规范的。Zeugma:(轭式搭配/拈连）e.g.Withweepingeyesandgrievinghearts--WithweepingeyesandheartsThesunshallnotburnyoubyday,northemoonbynight.(Heremoonisnotstrongenoughtoburn)Shewasdressedinamaid’scapandabrightsmile.Itisbettertohaveapatchedjacketthantohaveapatchedcharacter.Irony:(反语/讽刺）Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.即通常所谓的说反话，反意正说，正意反说。常用于讽刺或嘲弄的场合.Irony:(反语/讽刺）e.g.Wearelucky.(whensomethingbadhappens)Whatyousaidmakesmefeelreallygood.(whensomeonesayssthunpleasant)Thisdiligentstudentseldomreadsmorethananhourperweek.Sarcasm:(讽刺）Itisastrongformofirony.Itattacksinabittermanner,anditsaimistoridiculeandwou