美国纽约州律师资格考试复习笔记 宪法

ConstitutionalLaw1CONSTITUTIONALLAW(33QS)I.JudicialPower司法权–ArticleIII(15%ofquestions)A.RequirementforCasesandControversies–JusticeAbilityDoctrine对普通公民不能用军事法院审理（即便他是军队的EMPLYEE)，除非民事法院被关了1.Standing–whethertheplaintiffistheproperpartytobringthemattertothecourtforadjudication自身因为第三人的原因受到伤害a.Injury:Pmustallege&provethathehasbeeninjuredorimminentlywillbeinjuredPonlymayassertinjuresthathepersonallysuffered(i)Pseekinginjunctiveordeclaratoryreliefmustshowalikelihoodoffutureharm–monetaryinterestsarethestrongestformofinjuryTIP:IfQaskswhichhasthebeststanding,looktoaPwhohaspersonallysufferedaninjury.Thenchoosetheonewhohassufferedaneconomic/monetaryloss.b.Causation&Redressability–Pmustallege&provethatDcausedtheinjury,sothatafavorablecourtdecisionislikelytoredress纠正theinjury(NO“advisoryopinions”)c.NO3rdpartystanding–Pcannotassertclaimsofothers(3rdparties)whoarenotbeforethecourtEXCEPTIONS:(a)CloserelationshipbetweenP&theinjured3rdparty(e.g.,abortioncasesbroughtbydoctorsonbehalfoftheirpatients)这个是指金钱关系上的密切，不是人身关系（比如W和H）(b)Injured3rdpartyisunlikelytobeabletoasserthisownrights(e.g.,criminalD’scanraisetherightsofprospectivejurorinracialdiscriminationclaimduringjuryselection)(c)“Associational”standing–anorganizationmaysueforitsmembers,provided-Memberswouldhavestandingtosue-Interestsaregermane密切相关totheorganization’spurpose-Neithertheclaimnorreliefrequiresparticipationofindividualmembersd.NOgeneralizedgrievances–Pmustnotbesuingsolelyasacitizenorasataxpayerinterestedinhavingthegovernmentfollowthelaw(e.g.suedtodiscloseCIAbudget–nostandingb/csuingonlyasacitizen)TIP:Examwillsay“Pissuingasataxpayer”(i)EXCEPTION–taxpayershavestandingtochallengegovernmentexpendituresasviolatingtheEstablishmentClause只能根据TAX&SPENDING条款(ii)BUT,taxpayerslackstandingtochallengegovernmentgrantingofpropertytoreligiousinstitutions/parochialschools2.Ripeness现实的争议问题//避免法院过早介入–canyougetdeclaratoryjudgmentthatalawisunconstitutional?pre-enforcementreviewofastatuteorregulation?注意：看法律是不是已经通过了~~！！！Proposed//或者有过渡期(GRACEPERIOD)才执行的法律都属于未成熟的！！！TIP:IfQtalksaboutdeclaratoryjudgement,thisislikelyaripenessissue.ConstitutionalLaw2a.Hardshipwillbesufferedwithoutpre-enforcementreview:thegreaterthehardship,themorelikelythecourtwillallowdeclaratoryjudgmentb.Fitnessoftheissues&therecordforjudicialreview–doesthefedcourthaveallitneedstodecidetheissue,orshoulditwaitformorefactualdevelopment?Isanythingtobegainedbywaitingforanactualprosecution?3.Mootness正在进行的而未消失的–mustbeanongoinginjury(ifeventsafterthefilingofthelawsuitendP’sinjury,it’smoot)EXCEPTIONS:(i)Wrongcapableofrepetitionbutevadingreview–e.g.anabortioncasewasdecidedafterPhadherabortionbecausePcouldseekanabortioninthefuture(RoevWade)比如选举权等(ii)Voluntarycessationofoffendingpractice,butDislegallyfreetoresumeitatanytime(iii)Classactionsuitswon’tbedismissedaslongas1memberoftheclasshasanongoinginjury4.PoliticalQuestionDoctrine–referstoallegationsofconstitutionalviolationsthatthefederalcourts(andlevel)willnotadjudicate(matterslefttopoliticalbranchorinherentlyincapableofjudicialresolution);e.g.:a.Casesunderthe“republicanformofgovernmentclause”b.ChallengestothePresident’sconductofforeignpolicyc.Challengestotheimpeachment&removalprocessd.Challengestopartisangerrymandering党派选区划分B.SupremeCourtReview最高法院的裁判权1.AppellateJurisdiction议会可以对其作为上诉法院的审判权作出限制的，但不能全部取消！！！！但不能对其作为原审法院的审判权作出限制，当然也不能扩大~如果是审理州最高法院上诉而来的案子，必须是涉及到联邦法律问题的（解释联邦法律和直接适用联邦法律都算）！！（州法律和联邦法律内容是不是一样无所谓）如果联邦法院没法判断案子是不是涉及联邦问题，一般会DISMISS然后让州法院重审//如果确涉及到联邦问题，法院可以撤销，然后让州法院再根据州法律判。a.WritofCertiorari–allcasesfrom(i)higheststatecourts,&(ii)U.S.federalcourtofappeals.4justicesmustagreetograntCertiorariinorderforthecasetobeheard(completelydiscretionary)b.Appeal–fordecisionsof3-judgefederaldistrictcourts(appealsskiptheU.S.federalcourtofappeals).SupremeCourtisobligatedtotakethecase.Thescopeofappellateissubjecttolimitationofcongress,thoughcongresscannottakeawayasawhole.2.OriginalJurisdiction–suitsbetweenstates&casesinvolvingambassadors//publicminister//conselur3.Exclusivejurisdiction–suitsbetweenstates//involvingastate4.FinalJudgmentRule-NOinterlocutoryreviewbySupremeCourt–mayhearcasesonlyaftertherehasbeenafinaljudgment.5.ForSupremeCourttoreviewastatecourtdecision,theremustNOTbeanindependent&adequatestatelawgroundofdecision–SupremeCourtwillnothearacaseonlyiftheindependentstategroundisadequatebyitselftosupportthedecisionTIP:RodneyKingsuesinstatecourt–statelawbatteryclaimandfederallawcivilrightsclaimandeachConstitutionalLaw3claimwillresultinthesameamountofdamages.Pwins.DsuesallthewayuptoSupremeCourt.Nogood,becausesamejudgmentwouldoccurfromthestatelawgroundevenifthefederalgroundwasoverturned.C.LowerFederalCourtReview低级联邦法院的审判权---对州的审判权1.Federalcourtsmaynothearsuitsagainststategovernments(11thAmendment)是指公民或外国政府起诉州~~！联邦和其他州是可以起诉州的2.Sovereignimmunitybarssuitsagainststatesinstatecourtsorfederalagencies.–EXCEPTa.Waiverispermitted(i.e.,thestateconsents)b.Statesmaybesuedpursuanttofederallawsadoptedunder§5ofthe14thAmendment–Congressmayadoptlaws“toenforce”the14thAmendment,limitingstatesovereignty(likeTitle