绿色壁垒英文文献及翻译

Appendix：GreenBarriersfromtheStandpointofSustainableDevelopmentAbstract:Greenbarriersareonekindofnon-tariffbarrier(NTB).Thispaperpointsoutthatgreenbarriersevolvedfromsustainabledevelopmenttheoryandenvironmentalprotection,butarecompatiblewithtruecomparativeadvantage.ThebestwaytosurmountgreenbarriersforChineseenterprisesistoimplementcircularproductionprocessesandcleanproductiontechniques.KeyWords:Greenbarriers,sustainabledevelopment,ecologyenvironment,circulareconomy,life-cycleanalysis.1.IntroductionSincetheopeningupandeconomicreformofChina,itsforeigntradevolumehasrisencontinuouslyfromUS$20.6billionin1978toUS$1,422billionin2005.ThesumofexportsplusimportsasafractionofGDPis65.8%,theshareofexportsis36.2%,theshareofimportsis29.6%in2006inChina(TheNationalBureauofStatisticsofChina,2006).Exportsmainlyconcentrateonlaborintensiveandresourceintensiveindustries:laborintensiveproductsaccountingfor40%oftotalmanufacturingexportsandresourceintensiveincludingrubberandmetalproductsaccountingfor20%.Thisexportpatterndepletesresourcesandcauseshighemissionsandhighpollution,aseriousenvironmentalprobleminChina(Gu,2005).Inaddition,besidesagriculturalproducts,theexportationofmechanicalandelectricalproductsisfacingincreasingtechnicalbarrierssuchasnoise,pollution,safetystandards,energysaving,andrecyclingrequirements.Everyyear,aboutUS$8billionofexportproductsareaffectedbyforeigngreenlabelingandtrademarksandUS$24billionofproductsareindirectlyinfluencedsincepackingmethodsdonotsatisfytheenvironmentalprotectionstandardofdevelopedcountries.Therefore,howtotreatandcopewithgreenbarriersisimperativeforChina’sforeigntrade.2.GreenBarriersWhiletherearenoaccurateandcleardefinitionsininternationaltreatiesoragreements,a‘greenbarrier’isanewtermtomeantheapplicationofstricttechnicalstandardsandregulationsininternationaltrade(Dong,2003).Besidesagreenenvironmentallabel,greenbarriersalsoincludeenvironmentalsurtaxes,marketaccessrequirements,greentechnologystandards,greenpackaging,greensanitarymeasuresandgreensubsidiaries(Leng,2005).Normally,agreenbarrierisregardedasanenvironmentalbarrierimplementedbydevelopedcountries,who,onthegroundsofprotectionofanimalorplantlife,establishstrictandcompulsorymeasurestorestrictcertainimportedproducts(Gao,2004).Accordingtosomeauthors,greenbarriersareatypeofprotectionism,unfairtodevelopingcountriesandrestrictingtheireconomicdevelopment(TangandTan,2004).Infact,theevolutionandpracticeofgreenbarriersconformstosustainableglobaleconomicdevelopmentalongthelinesoftruecomparativeadvantage.Developedcountriesrealizedsoonerthefactsconcerningenvironmentalexternalitiesandtheirdamagetohumansandtheenvironment.Somedevelopedcountriessetuptechnologicalstandardsontheenvironmentandnaturalresources,requiringthatboththeendproductsandalltheproductionprocesses(R&D,producing,packing,transporting,consumingandrecycling)conformtoenvironmentalprotectionrequirements.Hence,greenbarriershaveappearedontheinternationaltradestage.IfgreenbarriersaredefinedasunfairanddiscriminatorymeasuresrelatingtotradeassomeChinesescholarsthink,aresistingandrejectingattitudewillpersist.Thiswillignorethepositiveeffectsofgreenbarriersonprotectingtheenvironmentaswellasthehealthofhumanbeings,animalsandplants.Unlessarbitraryorunjustifiableenvironmentaltrademethodshinderinternationaltrade,arationalattitudeandanalysisshouldbeadopted.3.ARationalAnalysisofGreenBarriersGreenbarriersaretheoutcomeofeconomicdevelopment(Feng,2004).Massproductionanddevelopmentoftechnologybringabouttworesults.Oneisthepositiveeffectoneconomy,increasingincomeandlivingstandards;theotheristhehuge,sometimesirreversiblenegativeinfluenceonnaturalresourcesandtheenvironment.Manyexamplescanbeseenworldwide:desertencroachment,deforestation,watershortages,acidrain,biodiversityreduction;inshort,air,landandseapollutioningeneral.Whileenjoyingtheincreasedwelfarecausedbyhigheconomicgrowth,theworldissufferingseriousenvironmentaldeterioration(Na,2000).OurCommonFuture(WCED,1987)putforwardtheideaofsustainabledevelopmentin1987,callingforacommonendeavorthathumanbeingsshouldprotecttheenvironmentandthehealthofpeople,animalsandplants.TheWCEDdefinedsustainabledevelopmentasdevelopmentwhichmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirownneeds.In1994,theIISDproposedtheWinnipegPrinciplesasameansforreconcilinginternationaltradeanddevelopmentsoastoachievesustainabledevelopment(IISD,1994).Theseprinciplesconstituteastartingpointtointegratetrade,theenvironmentanddevelopment.Thecentralideainconsideringinternalizingtheenvironmentthroughinternationalcooperationisregulationininternationaltrade.Economicgrowtharisingfromtradeliberalizationisthenecessaryconditionforsustainabledevelopment,buttradeliberalizationwithoutsufficientenvironmentregulationwillinduceenvironmentaldegradation(Wang,2005).Therefore,basedonsustainabledevelopmenttheoryandcompatibilitywithcomparativeadvantage(seetheAppendix),greenbarriershaveapositiveandrationaleffect.3.1.AnInternationalEnvironmentalManagementSystemIncorporatingRationalGreenBarrier