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WilliamStallingsDataandComputerCommunications7thEditionChapter15LocalAreaNetworkOverviewLocalareanetworkoverview•15.1Background•15.2Topologiesandtransmissionmedia•15.3LANprotocolarchitecture•15.4Bridges•15.5Layer2andlayer3switches15.1Background-LANApplications•PersonalcomputerLANs•Backendnetworks—Interconnectinglargesystems(mainframesandlargestoragedevices)•Highdatarate•Highspeedinterface•Distributedaccess•Limiteddistance•Limitednumberofdevices…………15.2Topologiesandtransmissionmedia•Topologies•TransmissionmediumFig.15.2LocalareanetworktopologiesTreeBusRingStarBusandTree•Multipointmedium•Transmissionpropagatesthroughoutmedium•Heardbyallstations—Needtoidentifytargetstation•Fullduplexconnectionbetweenstationandtap•Needtoregulatetransmission—Toavoidcollisions•TerminatorabsorbsframesatendofmediumFig.15.3FrameTransmissiononBusLANRingTopologyP471•Repeatersjoinedbypointtopointlinksinclosedloop—Receivedataononelinkandretransmitonanother—Linksunidirectional—Stationsattachtorepeaters•Datainframes—Circulatepastallstations—Destinationrecognizesaddressandcopiesframe—Framecirculatesbacktosourcewhereitisremoved•MediaaccesscontroldetermineswhenstationcaninsertframeFig.15.4FrameTransmissiononaRingLANStarTopologyP472•Eachstationconnecteddirectlytocentralnode•Centralnodecanbroadcast—Physicalstar,logicalbus—Onlyonestationcantransmitatatime•CentralnodecanactasframeswitchChoiceofTopologyP474•Reliability•Expandability•Performance•Needsconsideringincontextof:—Medium—Wiringlayout—AccesscontrolChoiceofMediumP475•ConstrainedbyLANtopology•Capacity•Reliability•Typesofdatasupported•EnvironmentalscopeTransmissionMedia•Twistedpair—Unshieldedtwistedpair(UTP)•易弯曲、易安装,具有阻燃性,布线灵活•Cat3,最高传输速率10Mbps;•Cat5,高传输速率100Mbps。—Shieldedtwistedpair(STP)•价格高,安装困难,需连结器,抗干扰性好。铜线铜线聚氯乙烯套层聚氯乙烯套层屏蔽层绝缘层绝缘层无屏蔽双绞线UTP屏蔽双绞线STPTwistedpair双绞线—存在信号衰减,每网段最多不能超过100米。通过使用中继器可以扩大连接距离。—使用RJ-45接头,双绞线共有8根线头,按颜色进行排列为:橙白,橙,绿白,蓝,蓝白,绿,棕白,棕。coaxialcable同轴电缆•Basebandcoaxialcable基带同轴电缆•由内导体铜质芯线,绝缘层,网状编制的外导体屏蔽层及保护塑料外层组成。具有很好的抗干扰性。•价格较贵,频带宽,传输数据速率高。外导体屏蔽层绝缘层绝缘保护套层内导体同轴电缆Opticalfiber光纤•Expensivetaps•NotusedinbusLANs•传输带宽大。最大可达2000MHz。•传输衰耗小,一般为0.2db/km。•光纤的抗电磁干扰能力强高折射率(纤芯)低折射率(包层)光线在纤芯中传输的方式是不断地全反射非导向传输媒体ungaidedtransmissionmedia•无线传输所使用的频段很广:红外,微波等。•微波在空间主要是直线传播。•地面微波接力通信TerrestrialMicrowave—由于地球表面是曲面,微波在地面的传播距离受到限制。—一般传播距离为50km,但当天线塔为100m时,距离可增大到100km。—大多数长途电话业务使用4~6GHz的频率范围。•卫星通信SatelliteMicrowave—地球站之间利用位于36000km高空的人造同步地球卫星作为中继的一种微波接力通信。—适合于卫星通信的频段是1GHz—10GHz。15.3LANProtocolArchitecturep475Fig.15.5IEEE802vOSI介质接入控制MAC逻辑链路控制LLCFig.15.6LANProtocolsinContextFig.15.7GenericMACFrameFormatMediaAccessControl(MAC)P481•Governaccesstotransmissionmedium—Notfoundintraditionallayer2datalinkcontrol•Roundrobin循环—Goodifmanystationshavedatatotransmit•Reservation预约—Goodforstreamtraffic•Contention争用—Goodforburstytraffic循环预约争用以太网双队列双总线总线拓扑环形拓扑MediaAccessControl(MAC)P481令牌总线网令牌环网15.4Bridgesp483•AbilitytoexpandbeyondsingleLAN•ConnectssimilarLANs•网桥只用MAC地址和物理拓扑进行工作,一般适于小型较简单的网络。•路由器处理网络层的数据,因此它们更容易互连不同的数据链路层,如令牌环网段和以太网段。网桥无线宽带路由器网桥使各网段成为隔离开的碰撞域B2B1碰撞域碰撞域碰撞域ABCDEFFunctionsofaBridge•ReadallframestransmittedononeLANandacceptthoseaddresstoanystationontheotherLAN•UsingMACprotocolforsecondLAN,retransmiteachframeBridgeOperationBridgeProtocolArchitectureP485IEEE802.1DConnectionofTwoLANs•目前使用得最多的网桥是透明网桥(transparentbridge)。•“透明”是指局域网上的站点并不知道所发送的帧将经过哪几个网桥。•透明网桥是一种即插即用设备,其标准是IEEE802.1D。•网桥收到一帧后先进行自学习。查找转发表中与收到帧的源地址有无相匹配的项目。如没有,就在转发表中增加一个项目(源地址、进入的接口和时间)。如有,则把原有的项目进行更新。•转发帧。查找转发表中与收到帧的目的地址有无相匹配的项目。—如没有,则通过所有其他接口(但进入网桥的接口除外)进行转发。—如有,则按转发表中给出的接口进行转发。—若转发表中给出的接口就是该帧进入网桥的接口,则应丢弃这个帧。透明网桥地址接口转发表的建立过程举例B2B1ABCDEF1212地址接口…………B1B→AA→BA1F→CF2A→BA1F→CF2•这是为了避免产生转发的帧在网络中不断地兜圈子。透明网桥使用了生成树算法局域网2局域网1网桥2网桥1AF不停地兜圈子A发出的帧F1网桥1转发的帧F2网桥2转发的帧网络资源白白消耗了SpanningTreeBridges(a)InterconnectedLANs(b)AspanningtreeBridgeroutingstrategies网桥的路选策略P486•1.FixedRouting固定路由选择—Suitableforsmallandstableinternets—Doneinconfiguration—Usuallyleasthoproute—Onlychangedwhentopologychanges•2.SpanningTree生成树(支撑树)算法—Bridgeautomaticallydevelopsroutingtable—Automaticallyupdateinresponsetochanges(1)Frameforwarding帧转发(2)Addresslearning地址学习(3)Loopresolution环路消除•3.Sourcerouting源路由15.5Layer2andLayer3Switches交换机•NowmanytypesofdevicesforinterconnectingLANs•Beyondbridgesandrouters•Hubs:Hubactsasarepeater•Layer2switches:Incomingframefromparticularstationswitchedtoappropriateoutputline•Layer3switches交换机集线器,交换机,路由器的比较•HUB,集线器。将一些机器连接起来组成一个局域网。•交换机(又名交换式集线器)作用与集线器大体相同。—区别:集线器采用的式共享带宽的工作方式,而交换机是独享带宽。•路由器主要克服了交换机不能路由转发数据包的不足。集线器交换机无线宽带路由SharedMediumHubandLayer2SwitchLayer2SwitchvBridgep493•Layer2switchcanbeviewedasfull-duplexhub•Canincorporatelogictofunctionasmultiportbridge•Bridgeframehandlingdoneinsoftware•Switchperformsaddressrecognitionandframeforwardinginhardware•Bridgeonlyanalyzesandforwardsoneframeatatime•Switchhasmultipleparalleldatapaths—Canhandlemultipleframesatatime•Bridgeusesstore-and-forwardoperation•Switchcanhavecut-throughoperationLayer3switchesandRoutersp494•RoutersdoallIP-levelprocessinginsoftware—High-speedLANsandhigh-performancelayer2switchespumpmillionsofp
本文标题:信息工程网络双语 (8)
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