英语经贸知识总结

Lesson11.Internationaltrade:canbedefinedastheexchangeofgoodsandservicesproducedinonecountrywiththoseproducedinanother.2.Internationalspecialization:onecountryproducingmoreofacommoditythanitusesitselfandsellingtheremaindertoothercountries.3.Thetheoryofcomparativeadvantage:holdsthatevenifacountryislessefficientthananotherintheproductionofbothcommodities,i.e.ithasabsolutedisadvantageinproducingbothcommodities,thereisstillabasisformutuallybeneficialtrade.4.国际专业化：internationalspecialization绝对利益：absoluteadvantage比较利益：comparativeadvantage5.richinadvantageoverpointonacrossborders6.Translation:(1)在复杂的经济世界中，没有一个国家可以完全自给自足。Inthecomplexeconomicworld,nocountrycanbecompletelyself-sufficient.(2)随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。Withthedevelopmentofmanufacturingandtechnology,therearoseanotherincentivefortrade,i.e.internationalspecialization.(3)按照比较利益学说，两个贸易伙伴均可从贸易中得到好处。Accordingtothetheoryofcomparativeadvantage,bothtradepartnerscanbenefitfromtrade.(4)比较利益并不是一个静止的概念，一个国家可以通过自己的行动发展某种特定的比较利益。Comparativeadvantageisnotastaticconcept;acountrymaydevelopaparticularcomparativeadvantagethroughitsownactions.(5)比较利益理论已成为现代国际贸易思想的基石。Theideaofcomparativeadvantagehasbecomethecornerstoneofmodernthinkingoninternationaltrade.Lesson21.Economiesofscale:thatis,thecostadvantagesoflarge-scaleproduction.2.Tariffbarriers:arethemostcommonformoftraderestriction.3.Atariff:isataxleviedonacommoditywhenitcrossestheboundaryofacustomsareawhichusuallycoincideswiththeareaofacountry.4.Acustomsunion:acustomsareaextendingbeyondnationalboundariestoincludetwoormoreindependentnationsiscalledacustomsunion.5.Importduties:aretariffsleviedongoodsenteringanarea.6.Exportduties:aretaxesleviedongoodsleavinganarea.7.Drawback:referstodutiespaidonimportedgoodsthatarerefundedifthegoodsarereexported.8.Most-favored-nation(MFN)treatment:referstoatarifftreatmentunderwhichacountryisrequiredtoextendtoallsignatoriesanytariffconcessionsgrantedtoanyparticipatingcountry.9.Quotasorquantitativerestrictions:arethemostcommonformofnon-tariffbarriers.Aquotalimitstheimportsorexportsofacommodityduringagivenperiodoftime.10.需求结构：patternsofdemand生产能力：productioncapabilities消费爱好：consumptionpreference规模经济：economiesofscale成本优势：costadvantage大规模生产：large-scaleproduction关税和配额：tariffsandquotas外汇：foreignexchange革新或款式：innovationorstyle移民汇款：immigrantremittance11.capabilityat/incostfor/ofatreasonablecostsleviedontakeintoaccountwithoutreferenceto(不针对)makeeffortstoengagein12.Translation:(1)一件商品的成本会因生产规模扩大而减少。Thecostofproductwilldecreasewiththeexpansionofproductionscale.(2)在实际中，即使完全的专业化在经济上有利，也可能永远不会发生。Inreality,completespecializationmaynevertakeplaceeventhoughitiseconomicallyadvantageous.(3)配额或者说数量限制是最常见的关税壁垒。Quotasorquantitativerestrictionsarethemostcommonformofnon-tariffbarriers.(4)有形贸易指货物的进出口贸易，而无形贸易涉及的是国家间的劳务交换。Thevisibletradeistheimportandexportofgoods,andtheinvisibletradeistheexchangeofservicesbetweencountries.(5)国家从事的贸易种类是多样的、复杂的，往往是有形贸易和无形贸易的混合。Thekindsoftradenationsengageinarevariedandcomplex,oftenamixtureofvisibleandinvisibletrade.Lesson31.Consignmenttransaction:thismeanstheexporterhastosendhisgoodsabroadandwillnotgetpaymentuntilthegoodsaresold.Ifnotsold,thegoodscanbeshippedback.2.Thedraft:alsoreferredtoasthebillofexchange,isanunconditionalordertoabankoracustomertopayasumofmoneytosomeoneondemandoratafixedtimeinthefuture.3.Sightdraft:callsforimmediatepaymentonpresentationtothedrawee.4.Usancedraft:ispayableatalaterdate,e.g.30,45,60or90daysaftersightordate.5.Documentarydraft:thedraftisaccompaniedbytherelevantdocumentssuchasthebilloflading,theinvoice,theinsurancepolicyetc.6.Documentsagainstpayment(D/P):documentswillnotbereleasedtotheimporteruntilpaymentiseffected.7.D/Patsight:requiresimmediatepaymentbytheimportertogetholdofthedocuments.8.D/Paftersight:givestheimporteracertainperiodafterpresentationofthedocuments,butdocumentsarenotreleasedtohimuntilheactuallypaysforthemerchandise.9.Documentsagainstacceptance(D/A):documentsarehandedovertotheimporteruponhisacceptanceofthebillofexchangedrawnbytheexporter.Paymentwillnotbemadeuntilalaterdate.D/Aisalwaysaftersight.10.外汇管制：foreignexchangecontrol预付现金：cashinadvance记帐贸易：openaccount破产：gobankrupt11.addupto(amountto)have/gaincontroloverpartwith(分手)enterintoondemand(立即)handoverto(交给)pushthesale(促销)tieupmoney（占压资金）make/effectpaymentopen/issue/establishL/Cwithbankinonesfavor(以谁为受益人)12.Translation:(1)在国际贸易中进出口双方都面临风险，因为总存在对方不履约可能。Ininternationaltrade,boththeexporterandimporterfacerisksasthereisalwaysthepossibilitythattheotherpartymayfailtofulfilthecontract.(2)为处理国际贸易中的不同形势，各种支付方法便发展了起来。Variousmethodsofpaymenthavebeendevelopedtocopewithdifferentsituationsininternationaltrade.(3)许多国际交易是通过汇票支付的，汇票是对银行或顾客的支付命令。Alotofinternationaltransactionsarepaidforbymeansofthedraft,whichisanordertoabankoracustomertopay.(4)即期付款交单要求进口商立即付款以取得单据。Documentsagainstpaymentatsightrequiresimmediatepaymentbytheimportertogetholdofthedocuments.(5)就出口商而言，即期付款交单比远期付款交单有利，付款交单比承兑交单有利。SofarastheexportersinterestisconcernedD/PatsightismorefavorablethanD/Paftersight,andD/PismorefavorablethanD/A.Lesson41.The