英语定语从句总结

定语从句的用法一、定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。汉语中常用‘……的’表示。定语主要由形容词担任。此外名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式（短语）、分词也可以做定语。abeautifulcity;abagfullofmoney.注意：汉语的定语无论多长都放在被修饰词的前面，而英语中的定语则不然，是一个词时，放在被修饰词的前面，若是两个以上的词组、短语或从句则放在被修饰词的后面。thirtywomenteachers;hisfather;fallingleaves;fallenleavesthegirlinred;theboyfromAmerica;theboyplayingbasketball;thebookboughtbymymother;Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirststudenttoentertheclassroom.Heisthemanwhoyouarelookingfor.二、定义及相关术语：1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有when,where,why.1.Ihaveanapple.Anappleisred.Ihaveanapplethat/whichisred.2.Ilikesomefriends.Somefriendslikesports.Ilikefriendswholikesports.3.Ilikemusic.Themusicisquiet.Ilikemusicthat/whichisquiet.关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句，连接主从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。三、关系代词引导的定语从句：1．who指人，在定语从句中作主语。TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.Thosewhowanttogotothemuseummustbeattheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning.2．whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.3．Which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.4．That即可指人，也可指物。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.5．Whose即可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?四、限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况：1．当先行词是everything,anything,nothing(something除外),all,none,few,little,some，much等不定代词时，或当先行词受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much,each等不定代词修饰时。如：HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.Thereislittle/muchthatIcandoforyou.Hestayedinthelibraryandlookedupanyinformationthattheyneeded.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywon’tdosuchathing.2．当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3．当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.4．当先行词被thevery,theonly,thesame,thelast修饰时。如：ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting.5．当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。如：Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?6．当先行词为人与物时。如：Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool四、关系副词引导的定语从句1．when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。当先行词是表时间的名词，比如time,day,week,month,year等；且定语从句中缺时间状语时用when.若先行词是表时间的名词，定语从句中缺主语或宾语时，用that/which引导。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenwespentourholidaystogether.Iwillneverforgetthedaysthat/whichwespenttogether.2．where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。若先行词是表地点的名词，比如park,city,farm,place等；且定语从句中缺地点状语时用where.若先行词是表地点的名词，定语从句中缺主语或宾语时，用that/which引导。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.Shanghaiisthecity(which/that)Iwanttovisit.Iknowaplacewherewecanhaveapicnic.Iknowaplacewhich/thatisfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery.3．why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。若先行词是reason;且定语从句中缺原因状语时，用why引导。若先行词是reason，定语从句中缺主语或宾语，用which/that引导。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.Ididn’tbelievethereason(that/which)heexplainedtome注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。Fromtheyearswhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountry.Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive.Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.五、“介词+关系代词which/whom”引导的定语从句：关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.TomorrowI’llbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.TomorrowI’llbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtenniswithyesterday.We’llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/who/that)wehaveoftentalkedabout.We’llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.ThemanagerwhosecompanyIworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.ThemanagerinwhosecompanyIworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.注意：１．含有介词的固定短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.(正)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(误)Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.(正)Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.（误）２．若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who,that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(正)Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(误)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.(正)TheplaneinthatweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.(误)３．“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如：Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.