您好,欢迎访问三七文档
1855FredericLeighton-Cimabue-scelebratedMadonna手動翻頁HandPlay1•哥德式藝術,又譯作哥特式藝術,為一種源自歐洲法國的藝術風格,該風格始於12世紀的法國,盛行於13世紀,至14世紀末期,其風格逐漸大眾化和自然化,成為國際哥德風格,直至15世紀,因為歐洲文藝復興時代來臨而迅速沒落。不過,在北歐地區,這種風格仍延續一段相當長時間。該風格在18世紀重新被肯定,「哥德式復興」(GothicRevival)運動推崇中世紀的陰暗情調。在19世紀之後仍偶而被應用。•哥德建築•哥德式建築的基本構件是尖拱[ogivalorpointedarch,或稱尖拱券、尖券]和肋架拱頂[ribbedvault]。哥德式建築的魅力來自於比例、光與色彩的美學體驗,即通過對光的形而上的沉思,通過對數與色的象徵性理解,使靈魂擺脫俗世物質的羈絆,迎著神恩之光向著天國飛升。該種建築雖曾於歐洲全境流行,不過在歐洲文藝復興時期,一度頗為被藐視。•1137-1144年,聖鄧尼斯修道院院長絮熱[Suger,1081-1151]主持了聖鄧尼斯修道院教堂[AbbeyChurchofSt.Denis]的重建。聖鄧尼斯修道院教堂始建於8世紀晚期,以早期基督教時期的一位聖徒聖鄧尼斯[St.Denis,約258年卒]命名。絮熱立志要把這座在法國人心目中具有紀念碑性質的教堂建成全法蘭西的精神中心,激發法國人的愛國主義情感。由絮熱主持重建起來的這座聖鄧尼斯教堂被公認為第一所哥德式教堂。2•哥德式建築是以法國為中心發展起來的。12世紀是法國哥德式的發生與發展的階段。13世紀,法國哥德式發展至純熟境地,夏特爾大教堂[ChartresCathedral]展示了早期哥德式向盛期哥德式發展的不同風格階段。夏特爾大教堂之後,法國興起大教堂建設高潮,哥德式盛期到來。蘭斯大教堂[ReimsCathedral]、亞眠大教堂[AmiensCathedral]和博韋大教堂[BeauvaisCathedral]等都是盛期哥德式的偉大作品。13世紀中葉以後,哥德式建築愈發向輕盈和繁飾發展。先後出現了輻射式[Rayonnant]、火焰式[Flamboyant]等晚期哥德式建築。法國哥德式也播及歐洲各地,並在各地形成不同的風格特徵。在英國有盛飾式[Decoratedstyle]、垂直式[Perpendicular]。典型的德國哥德式則綜合了法國盛期哥德式和英國垂直式,以密集小尖塔令人目瞪口呆。義大利的哥德式則更多保留有古典和拜占庭的傳統。•風格特徵:充斥著神秘、陰森、恐怖的氣氛。•代表作家與作品:華爾普(Walpole)《奧藍托城堡》(TheCastleofOtranto)•(英)安·萊德克利夫(AnnRadcliff)的《奧多芙的神秘》(TheMysteriesofUdolpho)(1794年),確立了哥德式小說的標準樣式。(英)M.G.路易斯(MatthewGregoryLewis)的《僧侶》(TheMonk)1796年。瑪麗·雪萊(MaryShelley)的《科學怪人》。•愛倫·坡《厄舍府的倒塌》、《黑貓》。•哥德繪畫:在哥德式建築和哥德式雕塑出現大約50年後,哥德式繪畫風格在13世紀的時候開始展露,從羅馬式風格至哥德式風格的過渡並沒有明顯的界限,但是我們可以發現這一時期的繪畫風格較之於前更加沉悶,黑暗和情緒化。這種轉變在1200年左右始於英國和法國,1220年左右發展至德國,1300年至義大利。哥德繪畫主要以4種形式出現:壁畫,板畫,插圖和花窗玻璃畫。作為早期基督和羅馬傳統的延續,在南歐壁畫一直被教堂作為主要的圖像表述方式。TheWestern(Royal)PortalatChartresCathedral(ca.1145).ThesearchitecturalstatuesaretheearliestGothicsculpturesandwerearevolutioninstyleandthemodelforagenerationofsculptors.3•GothicartwasastyleofMedievalartthatdevelopedinFranceoutofRomanesqueartinthemid-12thcentury,ledbytheconcurrentdevelopmentofGothicarchitecture.ItspreadtoallofWesternEurope,buttookoverartmorecompletelynorthoftheAlps,neverquiteeffacingmoreclassicalstylesinItaly.Inthelate14thcentury,thesophisticatedcourtstyleofInternationalGothicdeveloped,whichcontinuedtoevolveuntilthelate15thcentury.Inmanyareas,especiallyGermany,LateGothicartcontinuedwellintothe16thcentury,beforebeingsubsumedintoRenaissanceart.PrimarymediaintheGothicperiodincludedsculpture,panelpainting,stainedglass,frescoandilluminatedmanuscripts.TheeasilyrecognisableshiftsinarchitecturefromRomanesquetoGothic,andGothictoRenaissancestyles,aretypicallyusedtodefinetheperiodsinartinallmedia,althoughinmanywaysfigurativeartdevelopedatadifferentpace.•TheearliestGothicartwasmonumentalsculpture,onthewallsofCathedralsandabbeys.Christianartwasoftentypologicalinnature(seeMedievalallegory),showingthestoriesoftheNewTestamentandtheOldTestamentsidebyside.Saints'liveswereoftendepicted.ImagesoftheVirginMarychangedfromtheByzantineiconicformtoamorehumanandaffectionatemother,cuddlingherinfant,swayingfromherhip,andshowingtherefinedmannersofawell-bornaristocraticcourtlylady.•Secularartcameintoitsownduringthisperiodwiththeriseofcities,foundationofuniversities,increaseintrade,theestablishmentofamoney-basedeconomyandthecreationofabourgeoisclasswhocouldaffordtopatronizetheartsandcommissionworksresultinginaproliferationofpaintingsandilluminatedmanuscripts.Increasedliteracyandagrowingbodyofsecularvernacularliteratureencouragedtherepresentationofsecularthemesinart.Withthegrowthofcities,tradeguildswereformedandartistswereoftenrequiredtobemembersofapainters'guild—asaresult,becauseofbetterrecordkeeping,moreartistsareknowntousbynameinthisperiodthananyprevious;someartistswereevensoboldastosigntheirnames.LaterGothicdepictionoftheAdorationoftheMagifromStrasbourgCathedra45•Origins•GothicartemergedinÎle-de-France,France,intheearly12thcenturyattheAbbeyChurchofStDenisbuiltbyAbbotSuger.Thestylerapidlyspreadbeyonditsoriginsinarchitecturetosculpture,bothmonumentalandpersonalinsize,textileart,andpainting,whichtookavarietyofforms,includingfresco,stainedglass,theilluminatedmanuscript,andpanelpainting.Monasticorders,especiallytheCisterciansandtheCarthusians,wereimportantbuilderswhodisseminatedthestyleanddevelopeddistinctivevariantsofitacrossEurope.Regionalvariationsofarchitectureremainedimportant,evenwhen,bythelate14thcentury,acoherentuniversalstyleknownasInternationalGothichadevolved,whichcontinueduntilthelate15thcentury,andbeyondinmanyareas.•AlthoughtherewasfarmoresecularGothicartthanisoftenthoughttoday,asgenerallythesurvivalrateofreligiousarthasbeenbetterthanforsecularequivalents,alargeproportionoftheartproducedintheperiodwasreligious,whethercommissionedbythechurchorbythelaity.Gothicartwasoftentypologicalinnature,reflectingabeliefthattheeventsoftheOldTestamentpre-figuredthoseoftheNew,andthatthiswasindeedtheirmainsignificance.OldandNewTestamentsceneswereshownsidebysideinworksliketheSpeculumHumanaeSalvationis,andthedecorationofchurches.TheGothicperiodcoincidedwithagreatresurgenceinMariandevotion,inwhichthevisualartsplayedamajorpart.ImagesoftheVirginMarydevelopedfromtheByzantinehieratictypes,throughtheCoronationoftheVirgin,tomorehumanandinitimate
本文标题:歌特式艺术及代表性画家 Gothic Art and famous painters
链接地址:https://www.777doc.com/doc-3479842 .html