化学化工专业英语电子版课本

1ContentPART1IntroductiontoMaterialsScience＆Engineering1Unit1MaterialsScienceandEngineering1Unit2ClassificationofMaterials9Unit3PropertiesofMaterials17Unit4MaterialsScienceandEngineering:WhatdoestheFutureHold?25PartⅡMETALLICMATERLALSANDALLOYS33Unit5AnIntroductiontoMetallicMaterials33Unit6MetalManufacturingMethods47Unit7StructureofMetallicMaterials57Unit8Metal-MatrixComposites68PartⅢCeramics81Unit9IntroductiontoCeramics81Unit10CeramicStructures—CrystallineandNoncrystalline88Unit11CeramicProcessingMethods97Unit12Advancedceramicmaterials–FunctionalCeramics105PARTⅣNANOMATERIALS112Unit13IntroductiontoNanostructuredMaterials112Unit14PreparationofNanomaterials117Unit15RecentScientificAdvances126Unit16TheFutureofNanostructureScienceandTechnology130PartⅤPOLYMERS136Unit17ABriefReviewintheDevelopmentofSyntheticPolymers136Unit18Polymersynthesis:Polyethylenesynthesis146Unit19Polymersynthesis:Nylonsynthesis154Unit20ProcessingandPropertiesPolymerMaterials165PARTVIPOLYMERICCOMPOSITES172Unit21IntroductiontoPolymericCompositeMaterials172Unit22Composition,StructureandMorphologyofPolymericComposites1782Unit23ManufactureofPolymerComposites185Unit24EpoxyResinComposites191Part7Biomaterial196Unit25IntroductiontoBiomaterials196Unit26Biocompatibility205Unit27PolymersasBiomaterials213Unit28FutureofBiomaterials224PARTⅧMaterialsandEnvironment237Unit29EnvironmentalPollution&ControlRelatedMaterials237Unit30Bio-degradablePolymerMaterials241Unit31EnvironmentalFriendlyInorganicMaterials248Unit32APerspectiveontheFuture:ChallengesandOpportunities256附录一科技英语构词法263附录二科技英语语法及翻译简介269附录三：聚合物英缩写、全名、中文名对照表280附录四：练习题参考答案2843PART1IntroductiontoMaterialsScience＆EngineeringUnit1MaterialsScienceandEngineeringHistoricalPerspectiveMaterialsareprobablymoredeep-seatedinourculturethanmostofusrealize.Transportation,housing,clothing,communication,recreation,andfoodproduction—virtuallyeverysegmentofoureverydaylivesisinfluencedtoonedegreeoranotherbymaterials.Historically,thedevelopmentandadvancementofsocietieshavebeenintimatelytiedtothemembers’abilitytoproduceandmanipulatemateri-alstofilltheirneeds.Infact,earlycivilizationshavebeendesignatedbytheleveloftheirmaterialsdevelopment(StoneAge,BronzeAge,IronAge).Theearliesthumanshadaccesstoonlyaverylimitednumberofmaterials,thosethatoccurnaturally:stone,wood,clay,skins,andsoon.Withtimetheydiscoveredtechniquesforproducingmaterialsthathadpropertiessuperiortothoseofthenaturalones;thesenewmaterialsincludedpotteryandvariousmetals.Furthermore,itwasdiscoveredthatthepropertiesofamaterialcouldbealteredbyheattreatmentsandbytheadditionofothersubstances.Atthispoint,materialsutilizationwastotallyaselectionprocessthatinvolveddecidingfromagiven,ratherlimitedsetofmaterialstheonebestsuitedforanapplicationbyvirtueofitscharacteristics.①Itwasnotuntilrelativelyrecenttimesthatscientistscametounderstandtherelationshipsbetweenthestructuralelementsofmaterialsandtheirproperties.Thisknowledge,acquiredoverapproximatelythepast100years,hasempoweredthemtofashion,toalargedegree,thecharacteristicsofmaterials.Thus,tensofthousandsofdifferentmaterialshaveevolvedwithratherspecializedcharac-teristicsthatmeettheneedsofourmodernandcomplexsociety;theseincludemetals,plastics,glasses,andfibers.deep-seated根深蒂固的,深层的pottery//陶器structuralelements结构成分；property//.性能4Thedevelopmentofmanytechnologiesthatmakeourexistencesocomfortablehasbeenintimatelyassociatedwiththeaccessibilityofsuitablematerials.Anadvancementintheunderstandingofamaterialtypeisoftentheforerunnertothestepwiseprogressionofatechnology.Forexample,automobileswouldnothavebeenpossibl-ewithouttheavailabilityofinexpensivesteelorsomeothercomparablesubstitute.Inourcontemporaryera,sophisticatedelectronicdevicesrelyoncomponentsthataremadefromwhatarecalledsemiconductingmaterials.MaterialsScienceandEngineeringThedisciplineofmaterialsscienceinvolvesinvestigatingtherelationshipsthatexistbetweenthestructuresandpropertiesofmaterials.Incontrast,materialsengineeringis,onthebasisofthesestructure–propertycorrelations,designingorengineeringthestructureofamaterialtoproduceapredeterminedsetofproperties.“Structure’’isatthispointanebuloustermthatdeservessomeexplanation.Inbrief,thestructureofamaterialusuallyrelatestothearrangementofitsinternalcomponents.Subatomicstructureinvolveselectronswithintheindividualatomsandinteractionswiththeirnuclei.Onanatomiclevel,structureencompassestheorganizationofatomsormoleculesrelativetooneanother.Thenextlargerstructuralrealm,whichcontainslargegroupsofatomsthatarenormallyagglomeratedtogether,istermed‘‘microscopic,’’meaningthatwhichissubjecttodirectobservationusingsometypeofmicroscope.Finally,structuralelementsthatmaybeviewedwiththenakedeyearetermed‘‘macroscopic.’’Thenotionof‘‘property’’deserveselaboration.Whileinserviceuse,allmaterialsareexposedtoexternalstimulithatevokesometypeofresponse.Forexample,aspecimensubjectedtoforceswillexperiencedeformation;orapolishedmetalsurfacewillreflectlight.Propertyisamaterialtraitintermsofthekindandmagnitudeofresponsetoaspecificimposedstimulus.Gene