外语学习中的 ‘虚’与‘实’

What’sEnglishfor“虚”and“实”？Void,empty,invain,false,weak,abstrct,humble,timid,false,modest？Invisible,withoutforms,intangible,non-physicalVisible,withforms,tangible,physical1.学习内容的虚与实实，有形的（Explicitknowledge）读音规则（大部分）、拼写规则、单词、短语及其用法、语法规则、修辞手段（但何时用，什么场合用很难用语言讲清楚）、基本篇章结构、衔接手段、部分文化知识、各学科知识。Anythingthatmakeslearnersawareofrulesisexplicit.Toknowaboutlanguage虛，无形的（Implicitknowledge&languagecommunicativecompetence）地道的语音语调、地道得体的表达、目的语交际策略、语言风格、言语技能、跨文化交际能力、文化敏感性、意识理念、人文素养、非语言交际、语言思维、价值观等。语感Toknowoflanguage&cultureImplicitandexplicitknowledgeExplicitknowledgeisknowledgeabouttheL2.Itcanbebrokendownintoanalysedknowledgeandmetalanguage.Implicitknowledgeisknowledgeoflanguage.Itistypicallymanifestedinsomeformofnaturallyoccurringlanguagebehaviourandcannoteasilybeaccessedseparatelyfromthisbehaviour.Itis‘unanalysed’inthesensethatlanguageusersarenotawareoftheknowledgetheyhold.Declarative&proceduralknowledgeAnderson(1983)distinguishedbetweendeclarativeandproceduralknowledge,suggestingthatknowledgeisgraduallyrestructuredfromoneformofrepresentationtoanother.Declarativeknowledgeisexplicitandencyclopedicinnature.(knowingthat)Declarativeknowledgeoflanguageinvolvesbothknowledgeofabstractrulesandknowledgeoffragmentsandexemplars.Proceduralknowledgeishighlyautomated.Thistypeofknowledgeresultswhenthelearnergainsgreatercontroloverthefragmentsandexemplarsandalsorestructuresdeclarativeknowledgeofrulesintoif-thenproductionsofincreasingdelicacy.(knowinghow)Implicitknowledgeinvolvesautomaticprocessing;explicitknowledgeentailscontrolledprocessing.KeycharacteristicsofimplicitandexplicitknowledgeCharacteristicsImplicitknowledgeExplicitknowledgeAwarenessIntuitiveawarenessofConsciousawarenessoflinguisticnormslinguisticnormsTypeofknowledgeProceduralknowledgeofDeclarativeknowledgeofrulesandfragmentsgrammaticalrulesandfragmentsSystematicityVariablebutsystematicAnomalousandinconsistentknowledgeknowledgeAccessibilityAccesstoknowledgeAccesstoknowledgebybymeansofautomaticmeansofcontrolledprocessingprocessingUseofL2knowledgeAccesstoknowledgeduringAccesstoknowledgeduringfluentperformanceplanningdifficultySelf-reportNonverbalizableVerbalizableLearnabilityPotentiallyonlywithincriticalperiodAnyageExplicitlearning→explicitknowledgeTheresultofimplicitlearningisimplicitknowledgeintheformofabstract(butpossiblyinstantiated)representationsratherthanverbatimoraggregaterepresentations.Canimplicitknowledgebeturnedintoexplicitknowledge?Threeviews:(1)Noninterfaceposition:KrasheninhisMonitorModelemphasizesthatexplicitknowledgeofcertainrulesdoesnotaddanythingtotheacquiredknowledgeofalanguage–ratheritcreatesamonitortonoticeandcorrecterrorsinone’soutput.Explicitknowledgeisstrictlyseparatedfromimplicitknowledgeandfarfromassistingit,evenhasacontaminatingeffect–oratbestthereisnointerference.Thusexplicitknowledgecannotfinallybeturnedintoimplicitknowledge.Ithastobeaccumulatedbitbybitfromlearningandparsingchunksoflanguage.(2)AstronginterfacepositionBialystokproposesthatthereisaninterfacebetweenexplicitandimplicitknowledgeandtherearetwotypesofoutput:spontaneous-immediateanddeliberate-delayed.Inhertwo-dimensionalmodelshesupposesthattheidealwayistomovefrommetalinguisticknowledge(highlyanalyzedandcontrolled)towardslinguisticknowledge(notanalyzedandnotcontrolled).Shesuggeststhatprogressingfromexplicittoimplicitknowledgeispossibleanddesirable.(3)AweakinterfacepositionAccordingtoR.Ellistheinteractionispossible,however,ithasamoresubtleeffectinenhancingperformance.Explicitknowledgeisanaidinmonitoringandinnoticing(eithererrorsorlackofknowledge)butcannotinitselfcontributetosmoothperformance.2.学习方式的虚与实实→显性学习：（主动）课堂学习和课外学explicitlearning习。含听、看、读、记、写背等。虚→隐性学习：（被动）通过语言活动不经implicitlearning意获得。感悟（被动+主动）Explicitvs.ImplicitLearningExplicitlearningisa“consciousawarenessandintention”tolearn.Inaddition,explicitlearninginvolves“inputprocessingtofindoutwhethertheinputinformationcontainsregularities,andifso,toworkouttheconceptsandruleswithwhichtheseregularitiescanbecaptured”.Explicitlearningisanactiveprocesswherestudentsseekoutthestructureofinformationthatispresentedtothem.Implicitlearningis“learningwithoutconsciousattentionorawareness”.Inaddition,implicitlearningoccurs“withoutintentiontolearnandwithoutawarenessofwhathasbeenlearned”.Implicitlearningapassiveprocess,wherestudentsareexposedtoinformation,andacquireknowledgeofthatinformationsimplythroughthatexposure.“Learningwithoutawarenessofwhatisbeinglearnt”.Learningcomplexinformationwithoutcompleteverbalizableknowledgeofwhatislearned.MaincharacteristicsofimplicitandexplicitlearningImplicitlearningExplicitlearningpassiveactivenon-consciousconsciousoravailabletoconsciousnessautomaticcontrolledfastslownon-selectivemodeselectivelearningmodeparallel-holisticinformationsequential-analyticinformationprocessingprocessingwithoutmetacognitivewithmetacognitiveawarenessofawarenessofthetheproductsoflearningproductsoflearningThenatureoflearningisimplicit!Thegeneraldefinitionoflearning:“Arelativelypermanentchangeinresponsepotentialitywhichoccurs