英语语音PPT9-1._Stress_and_rhythm

Unit22StressandRhythm(重读和节奏)WhenEnglishspeakersarespeaking,theyusually:–makesomepartsofwordsstrongerandclearerthanotherparts(wordstress)–joinpartsofthewordstogether(soundlinking)–arrangewordsintogroupsandjointhemtogether(pausesandwordgroups)–makesomewordsstrongerandclearerthanotherwords(sentencestress).Everylanguageintheworldhasitsownrhythmicpatterns.Therearetwotypesofrhythmintheworld’slanguages:Stress-timing（重音定时节奏）andsyllable-timing（音节定时节奏）Stress-timing：Equalintervalsbetweenstressedsyllables(重读音节之间使用一样的时间间隔)Prototypicallanguages:English,Dutch,GermanSyllable-timing：Equalsyllabledurations（每个音节使用一样的时间长度）Prototypicallanguages:French,SpanishAlllanguagesoftheworldaresaidtofallintoonegrouportheotherTwoTypesofRhythmRhythminEnglishspeechisbasedonstress(英语的节奏基于重读，或者节奏以重读音节为节奏单位)TheEnglishspeechisStress-timing,thatis,thestressedsyllablesfolloweachotheratroughlyequalintervalsoftime.InEnglish,variationofsyllablesorwordsthathavestrongstresswiththosethathaveweakerorreducedstressistypicalandcontributestotherhythmofEnglish.Therefore,rhythminEnglishspeechisbasedonstress.Arhythmunitisformedbyastressedsyllable,togetherwithunstressedsyllableswhichmaycomebeforethatstressand/orafterit.ExampleOne:clapyouhandsintimetothestressasyoureadthesentences。读以下句子的时候，请随着重读音节拍手.Note:thestressedsyllablesfolloweachotheratroughlyequalintervalsoftimeRhythminEnglishspeechisbasedonstress(英语的节奏基于重读，或者节奏以重读音节为节奏单位)/Tom/John/Steve/Sam/Thomson/Johnson/Steven/Samson/Thomsonand/Johnsonand/Stevenand/Samson/Thomsonandthen/Johnsonandthen/Stevenandthen/SamsonRhythminEnglishspeechisbasedonstress(英语的节奏基于重读，或者节奏以重读音节为节奏单位)ExampleTwo:readthefollowingpairsofphrasesandsentences.Blackorwhite?Itwasblackanditwaswhite.softandlightIt'ssoftandit'slight.DanandSueItwasDannyanditwasSusie.breadandmilkSomebreadandsomemilk.Getapurse.Getusherpurse.adarkroomItwasdarkintheroom.coldwinterItwascoldinthewinter.Note:ittakesaboutthesamelengthoftimetosayeachpairofthesephrasesandsentencesbecausethenumberofsyllablesmayvarybutthenumberofstressedsyllablesarethesame.Fig.1:ChinesePutonghuaontherhythmicscaleinrelationtoFrench,SpanishandEnglishSyllable-timedStress-timedFrenchPutonghuaSpanishEnglishTherhythmicpatternsofChineseandEnglishPleasereadthesentencealoud:Who’scomingtothebirthdayparty?TherhythmicpatternsofChineseandEnglishWho’scomingtothebirthdaypar-ty?Byanon-nativespeakerofEnglish.Who’scomingtothebirthdaypar-ty?ByanativespeakerofEnglish.SyllablesdinnerpartyNon-nativespeakers0.1230.1430.1990.168Nativespeakers0.1250.0750.1030.052Table2:Syllablelengthfor“dinnerparty”in“Who’scomingtothedinnerparty?”(Timeunit:sec)RhythmUnitArhythmunit=one[andonlyone]stressedsyllable[+unstressedsyllable(s)]E.g.:Who’s/comingtothe/birthday/party?(4rhythmunits)Itwasacold/December/morning.(3rhythmunits)Fourchieffeaturesofarhythmunit:1.itcontainsone(andonlyone)stressedsyllableanditmayalsocontainunstressedsyllables.2.nomatterhowmanysyllablesarhythmunitmaycontain,itisspokeninalmostthesamelengthoftimeastheotherrhythmunits.3.nopauseorbreakbetweenthewordsinonerhythmunit.4.Inarhythmunit,unstressedsyllablesarequiteshortbeforethestressedsyllable,andrelativelylongafterthestress.E.g.:Itwasacold/December/morning.“Itwasa”and“De”arequiteshort.But“-ber”and“-ning”arefairlylong.英语话语的重读规律是:重读与非重读音节相间出现。重读音节与紧跟其后的非重读音节一起组成重音组。在不受迟疑（可使人说话速度放慢）或激动（可使人说话速度加快）等因素影响的情况下,话语中重音之间的间隔时间大致相等。也就是说，根据英语的节奏规律，话语说起来所需的时间不决定于它有多少个词，多少个音节，而决定于它有多少个句子重音。假如句子重音之间的非重读音节数多，结果必然是说起来要快一些，含糊一些。RequirementsforagoodEnglishrhythm:1.(emphasizethestressedsyllables):givingproperemphasistostressedsyllables;2.(weakeningtheunstressedsyllables):weakening(弱化)unstressedwordsandsyllablesandobscuring(使模糊)thevowelsinmostofthem.3.(pauses):organizingwordsproperlyintowordgroupsbymeansofpauses.4.(soundlinking):blending(连起)thefinalsoundofeachwordandsyllablewiththeinitialsoundofthefollowingonewithinthesamewordgroup.一句话说起来所需时间长短不取决于句中的单词数或音节数,而取决于句中有多少个重读音节。句中重读音节相继出现的地方，通常语速会慢一些,音节听起来自然也清楚一些。重读音节之间拥挤着出现的非重读音节听起来轻快而且含糊。练习英语话语节奏的重点是：学会顺利地、匀称地从一个重读音节移动到下一个重读音节，特别要学会把重读音节中间夹带的非重读音节读好。总之：Nowsomepractices:Rhythmpatternsofthewordsandsentences.1.economicI'veapocket.2.scientificI'mterrific.3.absoluteAskforit.4.cinemaSingforme.5.disagreeI'veatree.6.souvenirShe'ssincere.7.newspaperTalktoher.8.determinationWe'llendpollution.9.photographyIt'shardforme.10.electrificationHeneedsavacation.(Note:ittakesaboutthesamelengthoftimetoreadthewordandthesentenceinpairs.)Sentenceswithtwostressedsyllables.Pleaseeat.Whatisthat?Writeitdown.Takeitback.Doitnow.Givehimsomemore.Turnonthelight.Leaveitalone.Finishitifyoucan.Theydiditwell.Hetoldusalie.Theywalkedinthedark.Hangitonthewall.Cleanitwithabrush.Theywaitedforanhour.He'llfinishittoday.Theyheardofitbefore.IthinkheoughttoTheywentonaSaturday.Itookittoawatchrepairer.(Note:ittakesaboutthesamelengthoftimetoreadeachofthesentences.)Sentenceswiththreestressedsyllables.Don'tgonow.Samworkshard.Ican'tbelieveit'strue.It'sallthesametome.I'dlikeapieceofbread.I'msorryI'mlateagain.I'dliketotakeanewone.Shewantsapoundofsugar.It'sonlyforgirlsandboys.Hestudiesevery