您好,欢迎访问三七文档
当前位置:首页 > 商业/管理/HR > 经营企划 > norman conquest诺曼征服英国
NormanconquestofBritainReasonsItwassaidthatkingEdwardhadpromisedtheEnglishthrone王位toWilliam,buttheWitan盎格鲁-撒克逊时期的议会议员choseHaroldasking.SoWilliamledhisarmytoinvadeEngland.InOctober1066,duringtheimportantbattleofHastings,WilliamdefeatedHaroldandkilledhim.OneChristmasDay,WilliamwascrownedkingofEnglandatWestminsterAbbey,thusbeginningtheNormanConquestofEngland.WilliamtheConqueror哈罗德·葛温森哈罗德·葛温森(1022年-1066年10月14日),有时称为哈罗德二世,盎格鲁-萨克逊王朝之韦塞克斯王国的末代君主(1066年在位)。忏悔者爱德华去世后,王后之兄哈罗德即位。他的王位受到维京国王哈拉尔德三世及诺曼底公爵私生子威廉的挑战。哈拉尔德三世首先入侵了英格兰北部,哈罗德二世率领亲兵组成的精锐急行军反击,在1066年9月25日于斯坦姆福德桥战役中击败维京人,哈拉尔德三世阵亡。诺曼底公爵威廉乘英军北上之机入侵了英格兰南部,直指伦敦,哈罗德二世被迫率(back)领疲惫的部队回援并占领了通往伦敦路上的有利位置。1066年10月14日英诺两军决战(黑斯廷斯之战),结果英格兰军队战败,哈罗德二世本人亦战死。诺曼底公爵威廉进入伦敦加冕为英格兰国王。征服者威廉一世,维京海盗的后裔。此公手不离剑,剑不离脖子,实乃英武非常之像,及出生时曾被称为私生子威廉(WilliamtheBastard)Whoisthisman?Whoisthisman?征服者威廉WilliamtheConqueror亦称英格兰的威廉一世(英文:WilliamIofEngland或诺曼底的威廉二世(英文:WilliamIIofNormandy,法文:GuillaumeIIdeNormandie),诺曼底公爵,1066年起成为英格兰的第一位诺曼人国王,直至1087年9月9日逝世。因其非婚姻出生,他的敌人称之为“杂种威廉”征服者威廉的出生地法国诺曼底法莱斯城堡ChâteaudeFalaise尽管是非婚生子女,他的父亲仍指定他为诺曼底的继承人。这一身份身份影响了他的早期生涯。孩童时期,他的生命常受到来自亲属的威胁,他们认为自己拥有更合法的继承权。当威廉在沃德勒夷(Vaudreuil)的城堡要塞睡觉时,发生了一起针对他的刺杀,当时刺客错误的刺中了睡在威廉旁边的孩子。BayeuxTapestryWilliam贝叶挂毯(描述黑斯廷斯战役的挂毯)上的征服者威廉按照他的父亲的遗嘱,威廉在1035年7岁时即位成为诺曼底公爵。敌对的诺曼贵族阴谋篡夺威廉的地位,杀死了威廉的三位监护人。然而威廉得到法王亨利一世的支持。他在15岁时被亨利封为骑士。到威廉19岁时他成功的处理了叛乱和入侵的威胁。1047年,由于亨利的援助,威廉在卡昂于瓦尔斯沙丘战役(Val-ès-Dunes)中击败了叛乱的诺曼贵族,得到了受罗马天主教会支持的“神圣休战”,最终巩固了诺曼底的统治。对于威廉这种人来说,这样的待遇当然不能忍,于是,既然谈不拢,那就战吧!而彼时的英国忏悔者爱德华(EdwardtheConfessor)刚刚逝世,死后无继承人,王位的归属引起了极这便是“贝叶挂毯”中的忏悔者爱德华,他被称为征服者威廉之前,英格兰最伟大的明君。大的纷争。Process•TheNormanscrossedtoEnglandon25September1066.•TheylandedatPevenseyinSussexon28SeptemberanderectedawoodencastleatHastings,fromwhichtheyraidedthesurroundingarea.Thisensuredsuppliesforthearmy.•Harold,afterdefeatinghisbrotherTostigandHaraldHardradainthenorth,leftmuchofhisforcethereandmarchedtherestofhisarmysouthtodealwiththethreatenedNormaninvasion.TheBattleofHastingswasthedecisiveNormanvictoryintheNormanConquestofBritain.Itbeganatabout9amon14October1066andlastedallday.Althoughthenumbersoneachsidewereprobablyaboutequal,Williamhadbothcavalryandinfantry,includingmanyarchers,whileHaroldhadonlyfootsoldiersandfewarchers.HaroldIIwaskilledinthebattle—legendhasitthathewasshotthroughtheeyewithanarrow.ThisbattleisseenasthepointatwhichWilliamgainedcontrolofEngland.BattleofHastings大致战事图TheresultofNormanconquest•Afterthat,onChristmasDay,1066,WilliamwascrownedkingofEnglandinWestminsterAbbey,knownasWilliam1(1066-1087)ofEngland.Normancontrolwassoonestablishedthroughthecountry.InfluenceTheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.WilliamtheConquerorconfiscated没收almostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.HereplacedtheSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.SothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland.Itlargelyremovedthenativerulingclass贵族阶层,replacingitwithaforeign,French-speakingmonarchy君主制度,aristocracy贵族,统治阶级,andclerical神职人员的hierarchy等级制度.RelationswiththeContinentwereopened,andthecivilizationandcommerce贸易wereextended.Norman-Frenchculture,language,mannersandarchitecture建筑学wereintroduced.TheChurchwasbroughtintocloserconnectionwithRome,andthechurchcourtswereseparatedfromthecivilcourts民事法庭.Consequences--Governmentalsystems:UnderWilliam,thefeudalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished.1.Accordingtothissystem,theKingownedallthelandpersonally.2.Williamgavehisbaronslargeestates私有土地inEngland.3.Theseestateswerescatteredfarandwideoverthecountry,sothatthosewhoheldthemcouldnoteasilycombinetorebel造反theking.4.Atthebottomofthefeudalscalewerethevilleins隶农orserfs农奴.5.OnepeculiarfeatureofthefeudalsystemofEnglandwasthatalllandownersmusttaketheoath誓约ofallegiance拥护,notonlytotheirimmediatelord直接地主,butalsototheking.ThreeChiefEffectsoftheConquest1.ThebringingofRomancivilizationtoEngland.2.Thegrowthofnationality,astrongcentralizedgovernment.3.Thenewlanguageandliterature.(TheNormanConquestwasthelastinvasionofEnglandbyforeigners.Sincethennoforeigninvadershaveeversetfootnothisinsularcountry.)Consequences--aboutLanguageThemoststrikinginfluenceoftheconquestwasshowninthelanguage.TheperiodofMiddleEnglishbegansoonafter1066.SincetheFrench-speakingNormansweretherulingclass,Frenchwasusedforallstateaffairsandformostsocialandculturalmatters;butthemasses民众;劳动阶层continuedtospeakEnglish.OnlytowardstheendofthefifteenthcenturydidEnglishbecomeoncemorethelanguageofthewholecountry.However,thelanguagethatemergedatthattimeshowedvastandsignificantchangesintheEnglishvocabulary———thelossofalargepartoftheOldEnglishword-stockandtheadoptionofthousandsofFrenchwords.Consequences--aboutLanguageLanguageSpeakersFrenchLords,noblesEnglishmassesLatinscholars,clergymene.g.FrenchwordsofWarfareandchivalry,artandluxury,scienceandlaw,begantocomeintotheEnglishlanguage.Art:ballet芭蕾,décor装饰,etiquette礼节,champagne香槟酒Politics:government,crown,empire,emperor,usurp篡夺-que:Wordshave“-que”,theyareallFrenchwords.Storyabout:pig---pork;bull---beef.
本文标题:norman conquest诺曼征服英国
链接地址:https://www.777doc.com/doc-3564966 .html