英语国家概况Unit14_Post-WWII_American_Foreign_Policy

Post-WWIIAmericanForeignPolicyUnit14ContentsTheBeginningoftheColdWarTheArmsRaceEngagementandExpansionTheContainmentPolicyUnilateralismandFaithinMilitaryStrengthAmericanForeignPolicybeforeWWIIIsolationism1)Rejectionofforeignentanglements:“Itisourtruepolicytosteerclearofpermanentalliancewithanyportionoftheforeignworld…tohavewiththemaslittlepoliticalconnectionaspossible.”---GeorgeWashington,17962)economicprotectionismAmericanForeignPolicybeforeWWIIInternationalism(Interventionism)“Speaksoftly,butcarryabigstick.”TheBeginningoftheColdWarAfterWW2theUnitedStatesofAmericabecamethestrongestcountryintheworld.Itwasthesolepossessorofatomicbombs;italsoheld70%oftheworld’sgoldreservesandproducedover50%oftheworld’sindustrialproduction.TheywantaworldorderdominatedbytheUnitedStates,aworldmarketwhichwasfreeandopentoAmericangoodsandaworldwheretheirinstitutionsandvaluesaremodeledbymoreandmorecountries.WhathappenedtoUSafterWWII?TheBeginningoftheColdWarTheSovietUnionsufferedgreatlossesinthewar.Itwantedtokeepwhatithadgotinthewar,asphereofinfluenceagreedonbytheUnitedStatesandBritainatYalta.TheSovietUnionwouldnotallowanycountrytoprojectitsinfluenceintotheareaunderitscontrol.WhathappenedtoSovietUnionafterWWII?TheBeginningoftheColdWarTheUSSRandmanycountriesinEuropeformedtheWarsawPact(WPO),whiletheotherallies(includingtheUSA)formedtheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization(NATO).Thesewerealsodividedpoliticallyintocommunistandnon-communistgroups.Thesetwomilitaryblocswerenowcompetingfordominanceintheworldand,consequently,anarmsracebegan.Result:TwoMilitaryOrganizationsIronCurtainNATOWarsawmilitarilyneutralTheArmsRaceTheArmsRace1945-USAdrops2bombsonJapan1949–USSRdevelopsitsownatomicbomb1952–USAdevelopsthehydrogenbomb1953–USSRdevelopsthehydrogenbomb1957–USSRlaunches2satellitesintoorbitaroundtheEarthwhichcausesfearandanxietyonthepartofUS.1980–bothcountrieshavemorethan50,000nuclearbombs1982–StarWarsprojectbeganNote:ThecostofdevelopingtheStarWarsprojectwasveryexpensive.IftheUSSRtriedtokeepupwiththeUSAtheywerelikelytogobankrupt.TheContainmentPolicyIn1948,PresidentTrumanputforwardtheTrumanDoctrine.(杜鲁门主义)TrumanDoctrineisregardedastheformalannouncementoftheimplementationofcontainment.TheContainmentPolicyWhatdoesContainmentPolicymean?ContainmentmeantthattheUSAwouldusewhatevermeansnecessarytopreventtheUSSRfrombreakingoutofitssphereofinfluence.TheContainmentPolicyBasedontheContainmentPolicy,UShasfoughttwowarsinAsia:TheKoreanWarTheVietnamWarTheKoreanwarTheKoreanwarwasbetween:RepublicofKorea(SouthKorea),supportedbyUN(UNResolution84)(UnitedStates,UnitedKingdom,Australia,Belgium,Canada,Colombia,Ethiopia,France,Greece,Luxembourg,Netherlands,NewZealand,Philippines,SouthAfrica,Thailand,Turkey)andDemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKorea(NorthKorea),atonetimesupportedbythePeople'sRepublicofChinaandtheSovietUnion.TheKoreanWar,1950-1953China:114,000killedincombat34,000non-combatdeaths380,000woundedUnitedStates:36,516dead(including2,830non-combat)92,134woundedTheVietnamWarMemorial,WashingtonD.C.Over1.4millionmilitarypersonnelswerekilledinthewar(6%US);Civilianfatalities:2million.TheVietnamWar,1959-1975StrategyofContractionReasonstoadoptStrategyofContraction:TwowarshavegreatlyweakenedtheUnitedStates.TheSovietUnionembarkedonapathofworldexpansionwhichgreatlyworriedtheUnitedStates.Therefore,theUnitedStatesmadenecessaryadjustmentsandadoptedaStrategyofContractionTheNixonDoctrine:AftertheVietnamandKoreanwars,theUSAdecidednottotakepartinanymoregroundwarsinAsiabutinsteadtoprovidenuclearprotectionforitsalliesintheregion.TheUSAalsoprovidedmilitaryandeconomicsupporttocountriesfightingagainstdomesticcommunism.PresidentNixonvisitedChinain1972toimproverelationswithChina.BothcountrieswereconcernedaboutSovietexpansionismatthistime.TheUnitedStatesnegotiatedSALTIwiththeSovietUnionin1972.TheUnitedStatesnegotiatedaceasefireagreementwithNorthVietnamin1973andtheAmericantroopspulledoutfromVietnamcompletely.TheContainmentPolicyBerlinWall:InEuropeawallwasbuilttodivideBerlininordertostopEastGermansfromescapingtoWestGermany.ThiswallbecameasymboloftheColdWar.TheCubanMissileCrisis:TheCubanMissileCrisisin1962broughttheUSAandtheUSSRtothebrinkofnuclearwar.:TheUSAestimatedthatthenewcommunistgovernmentofChinawouldnotlastlong,andthereforedidnotrecognizeitasthegovernmentofChina.ThearmiesofChinaandtheUSAcamefacetofaceduringtheKoreanWar.Thefrozenrelationshipdidn’tthawuntilPresidentNixonvisitedChinain1972.Thetwocountriesnormalizedtheirrelationsin1979.InAsiaEngagementandExpansionremovaloftheBerlinWallThechangeofcoloroftheEasternEuropeancountriesThedisintegrationoftheSovietUnionattheendof1991Background:Thebalanceofpowerintheworldhasbeenradicallychanged.EngagementandExpansionResult:TheUSAwasnowtheonlyremainingsuperpowerintheworld.TheUSA’sglobalstrategynowwastomaintainAmericanleadershipintheworld.EngagementandExpansionWhatdidUSdo?TheClintonAdministrationmadenationalsecurity,economicprosperityandpro