幼儿教育健康课件(英文)

PhysicalDevelopmentandHealthDuringtheFirstThreeYearsChapterSixGuidepostsforStudy●1.HowDoBabiesGrow,andHowandWhatShouldTheyBeFed?●2.HowDoestheBrainDevelop,andHowDoEnvironmentalFactorsaffectItsEarlyGrowth?GuidepostsforStudy●3.HowDotheSensesDevelopDuringInfancy?●4.Whataresomeearlymillstoneinmotordevelopmentandwhataresomeinfluenceonit?●5.HowCanWeEnhanceBabies’ChancesofSurvivalandHealth?GrowthandNutrition●Childrengrowfasterduringthefirst3yearsoflife,especiallyduringthefirstfewmonthsthantheyeverwillagain.GrowthandNutrition●PatternsofGrowth●By5monthsaveragebabyboywilldoubleweightto7kg.●By1yearhisweightwilltripleto10kg.GrowthandNutritionRecapfromchapter4●Cephalocaudalprinciple●Growthoccursfromtopdown●Proximodistalprinciple●GrowthoccursfromthecenterofthebodyoutwardGrowthandNutrition●Nourishment●Breastfeeding:BenefitsandCautions●EncouragingBreastfeeding●BabiesprefersweettasteGrowthandNutrition●Nutritionalconcerns●Manyparentsdonotfollowtheguidelinesgivenbypediatricexperts●OverweightinfantsareaconcernTheBrainandReflexBehaviour●CentralNervousSystem●Brainandspinalcord●SensorymessagestraveltothebrainandmotorcommandstravelbackTheBrainandReflexBehaviour●BuildingtheBrain●Majorpartsofthebrain●Brainstem●Cerebellum●Lateralization●CorpuscallosumTheBrainandReflexBehaviour●BuildingtheBrain●Cerebralhemisphere●Occipitallobe●Parietallobe●Temporallobe●Frontallobe●Cerebralcortex●Regionsgovernvision,hearing,andothersensoryinformationTheBrainandReflexBehaviour●PartsoftheBrain,sideview.TheBrainandReflexBehaviour●BuildingtheBrain●Braincells●Neurons●Axons●Dendrites●Synapses●Neurotransmitters●GliacellsTheBrainandReflexBehaviourTheBrainandReflexBehaviour●BuildingtheBrain●Asneuronsmultiply,migrate,anddevelopconnections.theyundergo●Integration●Differentiation●CelldeathTheBrainandReflexBehaviourMyelination●Myelin,afattyinsulatingsubstance,beginsabouthalfwaythroughgestationinsomepartsofthebrainandcontinuesintoadulthoodinothersTheBrainandReflexBehaviour●GrowthofNeuralconnectionsduringthefirst2yearsoflife.●Thereisanincreaseinbraindensityandweight;duetotheformationofdendrites,extensionsofnervecellbodiesandthesynapsesthatlinkthem.TheBrainandReflexBehaviour●EarlyReflexes●Automatic,innateresponsestostimulation●Primitive●Sucking,rooting,andMoro●Postural●Locomotor●Walking,swimmingTheBrainandReflexBehaviour●WiringtheBrain!●Developmentofneuralconnectionsbeforeandafterbirth.TheBrainandReflexBehaviour●MoldingtheBrain:TheRoleofExperience●Plasticity●Formativeperiodvulnerability●Hazardousdrugs●Environmentaltoxins●MaternalstressTheBrainandReflexBehaviour●LEFT:APETscanofanormalchild’sbrainshowsregionsofhigh(red)andlow(blueandblack)activity.●RIGHT:APETscanofthebrainofaRomanianOrphaninstitutionalizedafterbirth,showlittleactivity.EarlySensoryCapacities●TouchandPain●Firstsensetodevelop●Developsinthewomb●SmellandTaste●Preferenceofpleasantodoursinutero●“Sweettooth”EarlySensoryCapacities●Hearing●Functionalbeforebirth●Recognitionofvoicesandlanguagecanoccurinthewomb●Sight●Leastdevelopedatbirth●Underdevelopedstructures●Binocularvisiondevelopsat4to5monthsMotorDevelopment●MilestonesofMotorDevelopment●Simpleskills→Systemsofaction●Pincergrip●DenverDevelopmentalScreeningTest●Grossmotorskills●FinemotorskillsMotorDevelopment●MilestonesofMotorDevelopment●Headcontrol●Fullycontrollableat4months●Handcontrol●At7to11monthscanpickupatinyobject●Locomotion●Self-locomotionMotorDevelopment●MotorDevelopmentandPerception●Visualguidance●DepthPerception●Threedimensions●Hapticperception●AbilitytoacquireinformationbyhandlingobjectsratherthanjustlookingatthemMotorDevelopment●HowMotorDevelopmentOccurs:Thelen’sDynamicSystemsTheory●Elementoftime●MotorDevelopmentisInteractionbetweeninfantsandstheirenvironment●Integrationofperceptionandcognitionwithaction●DifferingdevelopmentalpathwaysofindividualchildrenMotorDevelopment●CulturalInfluencesonMotorDevelopment●Someculturesactivelyencourageearlydevelopmentofmotorskillswhileothersinhibitthem●HandlingroutinesinAfricanandWestIndianculturesHealth●InfantMortalityRate●Proportionofbabieswhodiewithinthefirstyear●Birthdefectsaretheleadingcause●ReducingInfantMortality●Preventabledeaths●Poverty●Poormaternalhealthandnutrition●Infection●Poormedicalcare●SIDSHealth●Infantmortalityratesinindustrializedcountries,2003.●Inrecentyearsmostnations,includingCanada,haveshowndramaticimprovement.Health●BirthweightdistributionsbyethnicgroupinCanada(2000-2002).●LowbirthweightproportionsforAboriginalrefertooff-reservegroups.●On-reservelow-birthweightrateisthesameastheCanadianNon-Aboriginalaverage.Health●ReducingInfantMortality●SuddenInfantDeathSyndrome(SIDS)●Lowbirthweightbabiesaremoresusceptible●Genemutationsaffectingthehearthavebeenlinked●Defectsinthebrain’sabilitytouseserotoninHealth●UnintentionalinjuriesarethefourthleadingcauseofdeathininfancyinCanada,andthethirdleadingcauseofdeathafterthefirst4weeksoflife,followingSIDSandbirthdefects.Health●ImmunizationforBetterHealth●Measles,pertussis,andpolio●95percentdropofvaccine-preventedinfectiousdiseasessince1993●Manychildrennotadequatelyp