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1被动语态一、什么是被动语态?英语中时态很多,但语态不多,只有两种,即:主动语态和被动语态。所谓“被动语态”,相当于中文中常说的“被……”、“由……”的句式,如:“他的自行车被偷了。”,“这座楼房是由他们建造的。”二、动语态的运用(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要。例如:Paperismadefromwood.(纸是由木材生产出来的。)Thehouseisquiteold.Itwasbuiltin1950.(这座房子太旧了。它是1950年建成的。)Hewaswoundedinthefight.(他在战斗在受伤了。)Electricityisusedtorunmachines.(电是用来开动机器的。)(2)需要强调动作的对象时。例如:Calculatorcan'tbeusedinthemathsexam.(计算器不能用于数学考试。)Booksandnewspapersinthereadingroommustn’tbetakenaway.(阅览室的书籍和报纸不准带走。)Hewasawardedfirstprizeinthatcontest.(他在比赛中获得了第一。)(3)为了使语气婉转,避免提到是谁做的这件事。例如:Theconstructionofthenewlabmustbecompletedbytheendofnextmonth.(新实验室必须在下个月底前完工。)三、各种时态的被动语态举例一般地讲,被动语态可用于英语的各种时态。被动语态的结构为“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词(p.p)”。被动语态的不同时态是通过be的时态变化来表示的,其人称和数方面应与主语保持一致。其具体变化为:1、一般现在时的被动语态.am/is/are+动词的过去分词Ourclassroomiscleanedeveryday.ThiscarismadeinChina.2、一般过去式的被动语态:was/were+动词的过去分词Hisdeskwascleanedjustnow.Thestationwasbuiltin1928.3、现在进行时的被动语态:am/is/are+being+动词的过去分词Anewfactoryisbeingbuiltinourcitynow.Sometreesarebeingcutdowninthepark.4、过去进行时的被动语态:was/were+being+动词的过去分词Anewfactorywasbeingbuiltinourcityatthattime.SomebabieswerebeinglookedafterbyMissChenlastyear.5、一般将来时的被动语态:(A)will/shall+be+动词的过去分词(B)am/is/are+goingtobe+动词的过去分词.Somenewfactorieswillbebuiltinourcitythisyear.Yourwatchisgoingtobemendedinanhour.6、过去将来时的被动语态:(1).would/should+be+动词的过去分词2).was/were+goingtobe+动词的过去分词.2Shesaidthatsomenewfactorieswouldbebuiltsooninourcity.Hethoughtthatyourwatchwasgoingtobemendedafteranhour.7、现在完成时的被动语态:have/has+been+动词的过去分词Somenewfactorieshavebeenbuiltinthecitysincelastyear.Yourwatchhasbeenmendedalready.8、过去完成时的被动语态:had+been+动词的过去分词Hesaidthatsomenewfactorieshadbeenbuiltinthecity.Ididn’tknowthatmywatchhadbeenmended.9、含情态动词的被动式:can/may/must+be+done例如:Hecannotbefound./Imustbepaidforthis.记忆歌诀:被动语态be字变,过去分词跟后面。①Chinese______bythelargestnumberofpeople.A.speakB.isspeakingC.speaksD.isspoken(选D。考查一般现在时的被动语态)②Theboy______togetsupperreadyafterschool.A.weretoldB.istellingC.wastoldD.tells(选C。考查一般过去时的被动语态)③Alotofnewroads______builtinthewestofChina.A.mustB.mustbeC.hasD.have(选B。考查含情态动词的被动语态)四、如何将主动语态变成被动语态1、从句子意义上说,就是重新找出“什么事物”是“被完成”的。例1.主动语态:人们说英语。PeoplespeakEnglishinmanycountries.被动语态:英语被说。Englishisspokeninmanycountries..例2.主动语态:我们造这座桥。Webuiltthisbridgelastyear.被动语态:这座桥被建造。Thisbridgewasbuiltlastyear.2、从语法的角度说,把原句的宾语改成主语。例1.主动语态:小王邀请你(宾语)XiaoLiuhasinvitedyoutoalunchparty.被动语态:你(宾语)被邀请。YouhasbeeninvitedtoalunchpartybyXiaoWang.例2.主动语态:你不准带走杂志(宾语)Youmustnottakethesemagazinesoutofthereading-room.被动语态:杂志(宾语)不准被带走.Thesemagazinesmustnotbetakenoutofthereadingroom.例3.主动语态:他们授给他(宾语)一枚奖章(宾语).Theygavehimamedalforhiswonderfulwork.被动语态:他(宾语)被授予一枚奖章.Hewasgivenamedalforhiswonderfulwork.被动语态:一枚奖章(宾语)被授给了他.Amedalwasgiventohimforhiswonderfulwork.记忆歌诀:宾变主,主变宾,by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动,be后“过分”来使用。3五、将主动语态变被动语态应注意几个特殊情况:1.含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时,有两种方法:①将间接宾语变为主语,直接宾语保持不变;②将直接宾语变为主语,间接宾语用介词to或for引导。例如:Hetoldusastory.(变被动语态)→Weweretoldastory(byhim).或:Astorywastoldtousbyhim.Hermothergaveheranewpen.(变被动语态)Anewpen__________________herbyhermother.(填wasgivento)2.短语动词的被动语态:在变为被动语态时,要将短语动词视为一个整体,其后的介词或副词不能省去。例如:①Thisdictionarymustn't______fromthelibrary.A.takeawayB.takenawayC.aretakenawayD.betakenaway[D]②Shewilltakegoodcareofthechildren.(变被动语态)Thechildrenwill______________________________(byher).(填betakengoodcareof)3.含有复合宾语的主动结构变被动结构时,通常将宾语变为被动句的主语,而宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。注意:省略to的不定式作宾补时,不定式符号to必须补上。例如:SomeonesawhimswiminQianlingLakeyesterday.(变被动语态)He__________________swiminQianlingLakeyesterday.(填wasseento)4.不定式的被动结构:动词不定式的被动语态为“tobe+过去分词”。例如:Theradiosaysawildanimalzooisto______inourcity.A.bebuildingB.buildC.bebuiltD.built[C]5.以疑问代词开头的疑问句转换成被动句时要注意词序:应将主动句中的疑问代词改为介词by的宾语,但仍然放在句子开头。例如:Whohasbrokenthecup?(改为被动语态)→Bywhomhasthecupbeenbroken?六、被动语态和过去分词作表语的区别:1)含义不同:被动语态强调动作,重点说明动作由谁完成、怎样完成;而过去分词作表语通常用来描写情景,叙述人或事物的特征及所处的状态。试比较:Thewindowisbroken.窗子破了。(系表结构)Thewindowisbrokenbyhim.窗子被他打破了。(被动语态)2)用法不同:过去分词作表语时可以被so,very,too等程度副词修饰,而被动语态则不能用so,very,too修饰,而需用much,verymuch,somuch,toomuch修饰。试比较:Hewasveryinterestedinscience.他对科学有极大兴趣。(系表结构)IwassomuchsurprisedatthescenethatIdidn'tknowwhattodo.我被那种场面搞得大吃一惊,不知所措。(被动语态)①—Yourcoatlooksnice.Isit______cotton?—Yes.It'sShanghai.A.madeof;madebyB.madeof;madein4C.madefor;madebyD.madefor;madein[B]②Thismachineisused______theroomwet.A.forkeepingB.askeepingC.keepD.tokeeping[A]③据说在南京长江上又在建一座桥。__________________that____________isbeing______overtheChangjiangRiverinNanjing.(填Itissaid;anotherbridge;built)七、主动结构表被动意义的情况(1)open,lock,write,read,sell,wash,cut,burn,drive等词作不及物动词时,它们的主语为物,可以用主动语态表被动意义。如:MoYan'snovelssellwell.莫言的小说很好卖(销路好)。(2)表示感觉的连系动词如feel,look,smell,sound,taste等后跟表语时,总是用其主动结构表达被动意义,它们不能用于被动语态。如:Thetablefeelssmooth.这张桌子摸起来很光滑。(3)在beworthdoing中,doing表被动意义。Thebookiswellworthreading.这本书很值得一读。(4)want/need/require+doing相当于want/need/require+tobedone。如:Thelibraryneedscleaning.=Thelibraryneedstobecleaned.图书馆需要打扫了。八、不用被动语态的情况(1)当谓语是表示状态或特征的及物动词时,不用被动语态。这样的及物动词有have,become,cost,reach,sell,arrive,fit,hold,own,suit等。如:Wehaveagoodteacher.我们有一位好老师。Theclassroomholds80students.这间教室容纳80个学生。(2)及物动词的宾语为反身代词、相互代词、非谓语动词、同源宾语时,都没有被动语态。如:TheboytaughthimselfEngl
本文标题:英语语法之被动语态
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