Unit3_Why_Historians_Disagree

LessonThreeWhyHistoriansDisagreeCONTENTWarm-upLanguagePointsTextAnalysisWarming-upDiscussionHowdoyoudefinehistory?Ishistoryascience?Whatisthepurposeofstudyinghistory?Doyoulikehistory?Whyandwhynot?Whatisahistorian?Doyoufindyourselfdisagreewithothers?Whydoyouthinkpeopledisagree?Whatisthevalueofmakingastudyintohistory?Whywelearnhistory?Variousopinionsarepossibleandtheyshouldbeencouraged.Westudyhistorytolearnsomefromourpast,thusgettingsomeguidancetobenefitourpresentandourfuture.BackSupplementaryInformation读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞使人善辩。Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.BackChineseHistoryQuiz1.WhowasthelastemperorofChina?A.LiSiWenB.PuYiC.ShiHuangDiD.YellowEmperorB:Themovie,'TheLastEmperor'detailshisshorttragicreign.2.WhichofthefollowingisnotoneofthefourgreatinventionsoftheChinese?A.GunPowderB.PaperC.CompassD.ClockD:Thefourgreatinventionsshouldbe:Gunpowder,compass,paperandprinting.BackChineseHistoryQuiz3.HowmanyfemalemonarchswerethereinChineseHistory?A.OneB.ZeroC.TwoD.FiveA:WuZe-TianwastheonlyEmpressinChineseHistory.4.Whowasnotoneofthe'fourbeautifulladies'?A.WangZhaoJunB.ZhaoFeiYanC.YangYuHuanD.XiShiB:ThefourprettywomenwereWangZhaoJun,YangYuHuan,XiShiandDiaoChanChineseHistoryQuiz5.InwhatyearwastheGreatLeapForwardbegun?A.1976B.1949C.1957D.1953C:In1957,afterChina'sfirstFive-YearPlan,MaoZedongbegantheGreatLeapForward,establishingspecialcommunesinthecountrysidethroughtheusageofcollectivelaborandmassmobilization.WorldHistoryQuiz1.WhatwasthefirstcountrytodeclarewaronanotherinWorldWarI?A.GermanyB.Austria-HungaryC.FranceD.SerbiaB:Austria-HungarydeclaredwaronSerbiaon28July1914.WorldHistoryQuiz2.WhateventleadAmericaintowar?A.ThesinkingoftheArabicB.ZimmermannNoteandunrestrictedsubmarinewarfarebyGermanyC.Austria-HungaryinvadingSerbiaD.ThreeGermanbattleshipsenteredtheNorthAtlanticandattackedAmericanshippingB:TheUnitedStateswasdrawnintoWorldWarIbyboththeZimmermannNoteandGermany'sunrestrictedsubmarinewarfare.TheZimmermannnotewasanencrypted(将...译成密码)telegramfromtheGermanForeignOfficetoMexicoaskingthemtoattacktheU.S.Itwasintercepted(截取;截听)bytheBritishsecretintelligenceserviceandpublished.Atthesametime,theuseofunrestrictedsubmarinewarfare(aspartoftheGermanblockadeofBritain)hadbythenalreadyledtothesinkingoffiveAmericanshipsintheAtlantic.ThereisdebateastotherelativeimportanceofthisandtheZimmermannNote.3.WherewasthePeaceTreatywithGermanysignedin1919?A.NewYorkB.BerlinC.ViennaD.VersaillesD4.Whatfortwasfiredonin1861,thusstartingtheCivilWar?A.FortSumterB.FortHenryC.FortDuquesneD.FortPillowA:ThefirstshotwasfiredonApril12,1861atFortSumterinCharlestonHarbor,sostartingthewar.Whatisahistorian?Apersonwhostudieshistoryand/orwritesaboutit.Whatdoesahistoriando?Historiansdonotjustcollectfacts.Theygivemeaningtothefactsbyprobingintothem.Andbecausetheyhavedifferentinterestanddifferentunderstandingofhumanmotivationsandhumanbehaviorsduetotheirdifferentbackgroundsinage,sex,race,class,education,religion,politicsetc,theytendnotonlytobeinterestedindifferentfacts,butalsointerpretthesamefactsdifferently.TextAnalysisbywayof(a)via路经（某处）;途经TheyaretravellingtoFrancebywayofLondon.他们经伦敦去法国.(b)asatypeof(sth)orservingas(sth)作为;当作Let'seatouttonight,bywayofachange.咱们今天晚上到外面去吃饭吧,换换口味.(c)forthepurposeof(doingsth)意在或为了（做某事）makeenquiriesbywayoflearningthefactsofthecase为了解实情作调查.immersea.toputsth.underthesurfaceofaliquidb.toinvolveoneselfdeeply(insth.)Examples:Heimmersedtheknifeinboilingwater.IwalkedintothestudyandfoundMr.Johnsonimmersedinhiswriting,asusual.WhenAlfredinheritedhisfather’sestate,heimmersedhimselfinpleasure.beengrossedinbewrappedupinbeabsorbedinpreoccupiedsynonymsemergesubmergeHistoryisjustthefactsofnames,datesandstatisticsofthepast.Thestudyofhistoryisthestudyofthese“facts”aboutthepast.Tobecontinuedonthenextpage.Question:WhatisthemisunderstandingtheauthorsaretryingtoclarifyinPara.1?presumablyExamples:Presumablythere’sagoodreasonforherabsence,asshedoesn’tusuallystayawayfromwork.Fewwomen,presumably,wouldwanttoreturntotheassumptionsonwhichtheoldsystemwasbased.adv.usedtosaythatyouthinksomethingisprobablytruea.presumablen.Presumptionv.presumeWordformationcontend1.~with/against/forsb/sthstruggleinordertoovercomearival,competitorordifficulty（与对手）竞争;（与他人）争夺;（与困难）拚搏2.[nopassive]putforward(sth)asone’sopinion;argue;assert主张（某事物）争辩;认为Severalteamsarecontendingfortheprize.Iwouldcontendthatunemploymentisourmostserioussocialevil.thecaptainsofthecontendingteamsShe'shadalotofproblemstocontendwith.cutanddried固定的；已成定局的；老生常谈That'llsoundallcutanddriedandpossiblyspoiltheatmosphereofthewedding.Question:WhatistheconfusionofthestudentsputforwardinParas.2-3?1.Historianswhoarewrongmayhavetheir“facts”correct.2.Contendinghistoriansmoreorlessagreeonthesamefacts,butcometodifferentconclusions.3.Itseemsthathistoricaltruthbecomesamatterofpersonalpreference.4.It’shardtodecidewhichofthetwoopposedpointsofviewaboutaneventiscorrect.atbest---takingthemosthopefulview充其量,至多atits/one'sbest---inthebeststateorf