Of Studies赏析

FrancisBaconOfStudiesFrancisBacon(1561-1626)ContentBacon’sMainExperienceBacon’sFamousWorksAnalysisofOfStudiesIn1561borninLondonIn1573enteredCambridgeUniversityIn1579hisfatherpassedawayIn1582receivedtheQualificationforLawyerIn1606MarriedAliceBarnhamBaconIn1626Mar.madeanexperimentApr.diedofbronchitisBacon’sMainExperiencesBacon’schiefcontributiontoposterityliesinhisroleasthefounderofmaterialisminphilosophyandscienceinEngland.Essays(1597)TheProficiencyandAdvancementofLearning(1605)NovumOrganum(1620)TheNewAtlantis(1626)Bacon’sWorksOfTruth(1625)OfDeath(1612,enlarged1625)OfUnityinReligion/OfReligion(1612,rewritten1625)OfRevenge(1625)OfAdversity(1625)OfSimulationandDissimulation(1625)OfParentsandChildren(1612,enlarged1625)OfMarriageandSingleLife(1612,slightlyenlarged1625)OfEnvy(1625)OfLove(1612,rewritten1625)OfGreatPlace(1612,slightlyenlarged1625)OfBoldness(1625)OfGoodnessandGoodnessofNature(1612,enlarged1625)OfNobility(1612,rewritten1625)OfSeditionsandTroubles(1625)OfAtheism(1612,slightlyenlarged1625)OfSuperstition(1612,slightlyenlarged1625)OfTravel(1625)OfEmpire(1612,muchenlarged1625)OfCounsels(1612,enlarged1625)OfDelays(1625)OfCunning(1612,rewritten1625)OfWisdomforaMan'sSelf(1612,enlarged1625)OfInnovations(1625)OfDispatch(1612)OfSeemingWise(1612)OfFriendship(1612,rewritten1625)OfExpense(1597,enlarged1612,again1625)OftheTrueGreatnessofKingdomsandEstates(1612,enlarged1625)OfRegimenofHealth(1597,enlarged1612,again1625)OfSuspicion(1625)OfDiscourse(1597,slightlyenlarged1612,again1625)OfPlantations(1625)OfRiches(1612,muchenlarged1625)OfProphecies(1625)OfAmbition(1612,enlarged1625)OfMasquesandTriumphs(1625)OfNatureinMen(1612,enlarged1625)OfCustomandEducation(1612,enlarged1625)OfFortune(1612,slightlyenlarged1625)OfUsury(1625)OfYouthandAge(1612,slightlyenlarged1625)OfBeauty(1612,slightlyenlarged1625)OfDeformity(1612,somewhataltered1625)OfBuilding(1625)OfGardens(1625)OfNegotiating(1597,enlarged1612,veryslightlyaltered1625)OfFollowersandFriends(1597,slightlyenlarged1625)OfSuitors(1597,enlarged1625)OfStudies(1597,enlarged1625)OfFaction(1597,muchenlarged1625)OfCeremoniesandRespects(1597,enlarged1625)OfPraise(1612,enlarged1625)OfVainGlory(1612)OfHonourandReputation(1597,omitted1612,republished1625)OfJudicature(1612)OfAnger(1625)OfVicissitudeofThings(1625)AFragmentofanEssayofFameOftheColoursofGoodandEvilCharacteristicsofBacon’sEssaysBacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.YetthereisanobviousstylisticchangeintheEssays.Thesentencesinthefirsteditionarechargedandcrowdedwithsymmetries.Theyarecomposedinaratheraffectedway.However,thefinaleditionnotonlyenlargestherangeoftheme,butalsobringsforththelooserandmorepersuasivestyle.Theessaysarewell-arrangedandenrichedbyBiblicalallusions,metaphorsandcadence.AnalysisofOfStudiesStudiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Readinghasthreefunctions.Itdelightsyou;itbeautifiesyou;anditstrengthensyourability.Theirchiefusefordelightisinprivateness①andretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.Thedelightofreadingliesinyourprivatelifeandretirement.Thebeautifyingofreadingliesinhowyoutalktoothers.Thewayreadingstrengthensyourablityliesinyouractofjudging,howyouassessapersonorsituationoreventandhowyoudealwithit.privateness:privatelifediscourse:carryingonaconversationForexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.for:although,despiteexpertmen:menofexperience(theEnglishadjectivebeingusedinitsLatinsense,experti)Althoughmenwithgreatexperiencecouldjudgetheaffairsfromeachsituationandaccomplishthemwell,menwhoarelearnedalwaysarethebestonetohavecommandofthegeneraldirection,theplanandthearrangement.execute:carrythrough,accomplishcounsel:directionplot:planmarshal:arrangeinlogicalorderTospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornamentisaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrulesisthehumorofascholar.sloth:laziness,inactivityaffectation:adeliberatepretenseorexaggerateddisplayhumorofascholar:mannerism,implyingabsurderrorSpendingtoomuchtimeinreadingmakesyouexhaustedandlazy.Usingreadingasatooltobeautifyyourselfispretending.Makingdecisionstoyourheart’scontentistoosubjectiveandsilly.Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience;fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.perfect:makeperfectorcomplete(studies)Readingmakesupforyournaturaldisadvantages,andexperienceisneededtocompensateforthedisadvantagesofreading.Wereadandknowhowtoweedouttheunwantedpartsofplants.Sodoesknowledge.Wereadandwedeletewhatwedon’tneed.Itisreadingthatgivesusdetaileddirections,exceptforsomedirectionsthatareonlyguidedbyexperience.prune:weedoutunwantedorunnecessarythingsatlarge:ingeneralCraftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem,fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.craftymen:craftsman=apersonskill