托福写作审题结构和提纲

审题，结构和提纲一、价值判断类型（should,important,necessary,prefer,better）Peopleshouldinsistonachallengingplanratherthanapracticalplan.Universitiesstudentsshouldberequiredtotakehistorycoursesnomatterwhatfieldtheystudy.Alow-paidbutsecurejobisbetterthanajobwithahighsalarybuteasytolose.结构回答why？1.背景+引出话题+我的观点2.中心句（原因一）+举例分析+总结3.中心句（原因二）+举例分析+总结4.中心句（原因三）+举例分析+总结5.让步段(Admittedly中心句+分析+However中心句+分析)6.总结若题目中仅有一个事物，让步段可写可不写。若写，则比较这个事物的优缺点。若题目中有两个比较对象，最好有一个让步段比较这两个对象。Peopleshouldinsistonachallengingplanratherthanapracticalplan.1.challengingplans2.propelsocietytomoveforward(theinventionofplanes,computers,internet)3.forsterthevalueofperseverance(Edison,Nobel)4.bringhappyaccidents(thecreationofgunpowder)5.Admittedly,practicalplansarelikelytosucceed,butareseldommotivating.However,challeningplanscanmotivatepeople,arouseenthusiamandpromotecreativity.6.summaryPeopleshouldinsistonachallengingplanratherthanapracticalplan.1.practicalplans2.accomplishtheplanwithhighqualityontime(homework)3.buildupconfidencetoundertaketasks(marathon)4.ensurethesteadyprogressofabusiness,anorganizationorevenasociety(achainstoreexpandstooquicklytogobankrupt;greatleapofeconomy)5.Admittedly,challengingplansaremoreexciting.However,challeningplanscanmakepeoplestressed,anxiousandlikelytomakemistakes.6.summaryUniversitiesstudentsshouldberequiredtotakehistorycoursesnomatterwhatfieldtheystudy.1.shouldnot2.causemoreacademicpressure(amedicalstudent)3.unnecessarycostforstudents(hiremorehistoryteachers;theincreasedcostwillbereflectedinthetuitionfee)4.Admittedly,takinghistorycoursecanemulatesuccefulmodels,cultivatepatriotismandasenseofreponsibilityforthesociety.However,thisknowledgecanbeacquiredthroughmanyothermeanssuchasbooks,magazines,TVdocumentaries,theInternet,etc.5.summaryUniversitiesstudentsshouldberequiredtotakehistorycoursesnomatterwhatfieldtheystudy.1.should2.studyhistorysystematically(teacher,referenceswhicharereliable,butinfofromothermeanssuchastheInternetisnotcredible)3.getinspiredbyelitesinhistory(A.Lincoln,Franklin)4.cultivateapatriotismandasenseofresponsibiltyforsociety(war,theprogressofasociety,theestablishmentofacountry)5.Admittedly,takinghistorycoursetakestimeandenergy.However,comparedtothebenefits,theeffortsandcostsareworthwhile.6.summaryAlow-paidbutsecurejobisbetterthanajobwithahighsalarybuteasytolose.1.ajobwithahighsalary2.guaranteesbettermateriallife(food,medicine,health;spiritualenjoyment)3.meansbettersocialstatus,i.e.respectandrecognitionfromthesociety(doctors,businesslearders,highsalaryisequaltocapability)4.Admittedly,securejobscanmakepeoplefeellesspressure,butwithoutahighincome,apersonhastomaketowiththesecondbest.5.summaryAlow-paidbutsecurejobisbetterthanajobwithahighsalarybuteasytolose.1.asecurejob2.lesspressure(physicalandmentalhealth,teacher)3.moretimeandenergytopursuepersonalhobbiesandinterest(myaunt,notmuchmoney,butenjoybrushpainting,growingflowers,enjoylife)4.moretimetopendwithfamilymemberstocreateaharmoniousfamily(Liyang,thefounderofCrazyEnglish,highsalarybutonbusiness,lesstimewithfamily,lesscommunication,breakup)5.Admittedly,highsalarycanguaranteemateriallife,butwithoutenjoymentoflife,it'smeaningless.6.summary二、现象证明类Advertisementsmaketheproductsseembetterthantheyreallyare.Technologymakespeople'slivessimplerormorecomplicated.Moviesandtelevisionhavemorenegativeeffectsthanpositiveeffectsonyoungpeople.结构回答How？1.背景+引出话题+我的观点2.中心句（分析一或拆分举例类别一）+举例分析+总结3.中心句（分析二或拆分举例类别二）+举例分析+总结4.中心句（分析三或拆分举例类别三）+举例分析+总结（让步段可要可不要，想不够观点就要)5.总结Advertisementsmaketheproductsseembetterthantheyreallyare.1.agree2.exageratedfunctionsandeffects(dietpillsbutnoteffectiveatall)3.celebrities(Jaychou,milkteabutnothealty,northattasty;sportsstar,calciumpillsbutnohelp,sportswearbutnotextraordinary)4.misleadingpictures(mouth-wateringfriedchipsbutofhighcalories,magicalpowerwhichhasnothingtodowiththetoy)5.summaryTechnologymakespeople'slivessimplerormorecomplicated.1.morecomplicated2.computers(supermarket,outofpower,cashier'sdeskiscomputer-basedthusoutofservice.)3.theInternet(on-lineshopping,someproductscanonlybeboughtfromon-line,xiaomicellphone;givingawayone'spersonalinformation;fraud,junkmail)4.nuclearenergy(leakage,radiation,Japannuclearpowerplant)5.summaryMoviesandtelevisionhavemorenegativeeffectsthanpositiveeffectsonyoungpeople.1.morepositiveeffects2.widenhorizon(expandoutlook,knowtheworld.ThreeIdiots,Aroundtheword)3.educational(TheWorldofAnimals,learnzoology;TheLetureRoom,learnChinesecultureandhistory;Ted,motivatingandinspiring)4.entertainment(relax,cartoons,talkshows,comedies,happiness,espacefromheavywork,moreenergeticandefficient)5.Admittedly,negativeeffects,addiction,violence,unnecussarynuidity.However,withguidance,moreadvantages.6.summary3.今昔对比类Peoplearenoweasiertobecomeeducatedthaninthepast.Peopleinthepastwereeaisertobehappyandsatisfiedthantheyaretoday.Intwentyyears,therewillbefewercarsinusethanintoday.结构1.背景+引出话题+我的观点2.中心句（变化因素一）+现在情况+对比过去情况3.中心句（变化因素二）+现在情况+对比过去情况4.中心句（变化因素三）+现在情况+对比过去情况5.总结Peoplearenoweasiertobecomeeducatedthaninthepast.1.agree2.moreshcoolsandbetterfacilit