循环系统--组织学和胚胎学

CirculatorySystemCardiovascularsystemLymphaticsystemHeart:pumpArtery:outputCapillary:exchangeVein:inputCardiovascularsystem1.HeartmyocardiumEndocardiumEpicardium(LM)Thewalloftheheart1.1Endocardiumendothelium:continuousSubendothelium:DCT&SMCSubendocardiallayer:adeeperlayerCT,branchesOfimpulse-conductingsystem.locatedinthislayer.EndocardiumofcardiacwallendocardiumendotheliumPurkinjefiberThevalvesoftheheartstructureSurface:foldsofendocardiumCore:DCTFunctionsPreventretrograde.1.2*MyocardiumCardiacmusclecells.Atrialmyocardium:secretnatriuretichormone.Increaseexcretionofwater、sodium;dilatevessels&reducebloodpressure.Cardiacmuscle1.3EpicardiumPlasmamembrane：mesotheliumLCTViscerallayerofpericardium.(LM)Thewalloftheheart2.GeneralStructureofBloodVesselstunicaintima:•Endothelium：asinglelayerofsquamousepithelialcells•basallamina•Subendotheliallayer：LCT•Internalelasticmembranetunicamedia:elastictissues/SM;EEMtunicaadventitia:LCT3.Arteries3.1largeartery1.Tunicaintima①Endothelialcells:rod-likeinclusions,(WPbodies)Weibel-Paladebodies.②Subendotheliallayer：relativethicker.③Internalelasticmembrane:indistinct2.Tunicamedia①Fenestratedmembrane--40~70lamellaeofelastin.Elasticartery②SMC&elasticfiber.③Externalelasticmembrane:indistinct3.Tunicaadventitia①relativethinner,CT.largearteryintimamediaadventitialargeartery3.2medium-sizedarteryIntima:①Subendotheliallayer：relativethinner.②Internalelasticmembrane:distinctMedia:①Smoothmusclecells--mostcircularlyoriented(10~40layers),musculararteryAdventitia:①Thicknessissimilartomedia.②Externalelasticmembraneisdistinctinthejunction.medium-sizedartery3.3smallartery&arteriolesmallartery:diameter0.3-1mm,Internalelasticmembraneisdistinct，severallayersofcircularSMinmedia,noExternalelasticmembrane.Arteriole:diameter0.3mm，with1～2layersofcircularSM，adventitiaisthin.smallartery&arterioleSmallarteryarterioleComparisonsbetweenlarge、medium&smallarteryWallsoflumenlargeAMediumASmallAintimaendotheliumW-PbodySubendothelialthickthinthinIEMindistinctdistinctvisiblemediaSM10-403-10Elasticlamellae40-70adventitiaEEMindistinctdistinctinvisibleSmallarteryarteriolediameter0.3-1mm0.3mmEEMWell-definednoSMinmedia3-101-2adventitiathickthinComparisonsbetweensmallarteryandarteriole3.4Functionsofarteries:•ElasticA:keepbloodstreamcontinuous.systole:dilatediastole:recoil•MuscularA:contraction&relaxation.Regulatetheamountofbloodflowingintotheregions..•SmallA&arterioles:modulatethelocalbloodsupply.4capillaries4.1basicstructureofcapillaryThewallisverythin.Diameter:6-8um.endotheliumBasallaminapericytecapillary4.2continuouscapillary4.3fenestratedcapillaryfenestratedcapillary4.4sinusoidClassificationofcapillariescontinuousCap.FenestratedCap.sinusoidsEDPinocytoticvesiclesD:70nm,fenestrationsgapBMintegratedcontinuousabsentdistributionlung,CNS,thyroid,CT,muscleTgastrointestinal,filtratingbarrierEndocrinegland5.microcirculationdefinition:arterioletovenule，basicunitforbloodcirculation.compositions：arteriole、metarteriole、thoroughfarechannel、capillarybed、arteriovenousshunt&venule.threedifferentpaths：①arteriole→metarteriole→thoroughfarechannel→venule②arteriole→metarteriole→capillarybed→venule③arteriole→arteriovenousshunt→venulemicrocirculation6.veinThebasicstructureofveins•lumenislarger,irregular.•thewallisthin.•intima,media,adventitia,areindistinct.•venousvalves:semilunarflapsendotheliumCTComparisonsbetweenlargeA&largeVComparisonsbetweenmediumA&mediumVComparisonsbetweensmallA&smallVvenousvalveskeypoints①Theheartwall.②Artery:classifications&individualcharacteristics.③Capillary:classifications&individualcharacteristics.④Microcirculation:threedifferentpath.⑤Vein:thedifferenceswithartery.