英国概括文化篇

BritishCulture•Education•Literature•Scenicsports&historicalsitesⅠBritishEducation•ElementaryEducation•SecondaryEducation•HigherEducation1.ElementaryEducation•AllchildrenintheU.K.mustreceiveafull-timeeducationfromtheageof5to16.•CompulsoryeducationStatePrimarySchool•Aninfantsection(5-7);•Ajuniorsection(7-11);•KindergartenorNurserySchools(3-5);StatePrimarySchool•TheacademicyearbeginsinSeptember,andisdividedintothreeterms,withholidaysatChristmas,Easterandinthesummer.•Mostprimaryschoolsarewhollymaintainedbythelocalauthorities.Onethirdbelongstochurches,eitherAnglicanorRomanCatholic.PrepSchools•Thepreparatoryschoolsareindependentschoolsforchildrenfrom7or8upto13.•Theprepschoolcurriculumdiffersfrom…•Itsmaintargetisthe“commonentrance”examinationattheageof13,foradmissiontoapublicschool.2.SecondaryEducation•Twocompleteeducationalsystems:•Thestateschools;•Theindependentschools;•Forallchildreninstateschools,secondaryeducationbeginsattheageof11.•Thereareatthistimetwosystemsforsecondaryeducation,theselectiveandthecomprehensive.Schoolsatthisstage•GrammarSchool;•ComprehensiveSecondarySchool;•SecondaryModernSchool;•PublicSchool;GrammarSchool•OldestschoolsinU.K.;•WilliamShakespeare;•3%ofthestateschoolstudents;•Theseschoolsarereservedfor…2002年高中入学率•London5８％；•MexicoCity62%;•LosAngels90%;•Shanghai94%;•Tokyo97%;•GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications国家专业资格证书•这一证书是专为职业技术学校毕业的学生设置的，共分５个级别，这就便于人们按阶梯逐级攀登，根据自己条件通过实际工作和专业培训由低级向高级发展．获四级国家专业资格证书相当于学士学位；获五级相当于研究生水平．•90%studentsattendComprehensiveSecondarySchool;•5%attendSecondaryModernSchool;PublicSchool•Thefourmostfamous:•EtonCollege;•HarrowSchool;•WinchesterCollege;•RugbySchool;•Theyemphasizetwofactorsineducation.Oneisthestudyofclassicsandscience(needsofthebourgeoisie),theotheristhedevelopmentofcharacter.Thepublicschoolspiritisteamspiritandleadership.3.HigherEducation•Britishuniversitiesarepublicbodieswhichreceivefundsfromcentralgovernment.•Sofar,theUKhasonlyoneprivatelyfundeduniversity,theUniversityofBuckingham.Oxford&Cambridge•NearlyallCabinetMinisterswhowenttouniversity…•Oxbridge;•46%ofConservativePartyMembersofParliament…•¾oftheGovernmentexecutives…•Mostseniorcivilservantsare…著名的牛津人（知名牛津校友）•牛津产生了4位英国国王，46位诺贝尔奖获得者，25位英国首相，3位圣人，86位大主教以及18位红衣主教。•国王爱德华七世爱德华八世•总统和首相克雷芒·艾德礼•安东尼·艾登•哈罗德·麦克米兰•哈罗德·威尔逊•爱德华·希斯•玛格利特·撒切尔•托尼·布莱尔•比尔·克林顿•TwofeaturesofOxfordandCambridge:•Thecollegesystem;•Tutorialsystem;•ScottishUniversities;•TheMiddle-AgedUniversities;•Post-WarUniversities;•TheOpenUniversity;ⅡBritishLiterature•Fiction•Poetry•DramaFiction•Fables:whichareaboutanimalsorsupernaturalpersonsorincidentsandwhosepurposeisteachingamoralareprobablytheearliestformofstory-telling.•Legendscomelater;•Thebest-lovedstoryisaboutRobinHoodwhowasapopularherolivingunderthegreenwoodwithhismen,takingfromtherichandgivingtothepoorandwagingwaragainstbishopsandarchbishops.ThomasMore(1478-1535)•InUtopiaMoreexposesthepovertyofthelaboringclassesandthegreedoftherich;hepointsouttheprincipleofUtopia---“Fromeveryoneaccordingtohiscapacities,toeveryoneaccordingtohisneeds”---whichisthepracticalbasisforacommunistsociety.ThePuritanPeriod•JohnBunyan,aprosewriter;•JohnMilton,anoutstandingpoet;JohnBunyan•Threegreatallegoriesintheworldliterature:•Spenser’sFaeryQueen;•Dante’sDivinaCommedia;•Bunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress;Pilgrim’sProgress•ItisareligiousallegorywhichdepictsthespiritualpilgrimageofaChristian,whofliesfromtheCityofDestruction,meetswithperilsandtemptationsattheSloughofDespond,VanityFair…andfinallyreachestheDelectableMountains.DanielDefoe•Modernnovelbegantoappearinthe18thcentury;•Defoe:forerunnersoftheEnglishrealistnovel;•ThemodernEuropeannovelbeganaftertheRenaissance,withCervantes’sDonQuixote;塞万提斯•《堂吉诃德》，是西班牙作家塞万提斯于1605年和1615年分两部分岀版的反骑士小说。故事背景是个早没有骑士的年代，主角堂吉诃德幻想自己是个骑士，因而作出种种匪夷所思的行径，最终从梦幻中苏醒过来。•评论家多称《唐吉诃德》是西方文学史上的第一部现代小说，也是世界文学的瑰宝之一。这部书原本是打算对当时流行的骑士传奇小说进行反讽。然而吊诡的是，由于后来骑士小说渐渐销声匿迹，自文坛消失，于是当初塞万提斯讽刺骑士小说的此一初衷渐渐被后世读者所淡忘；•后来由于美国百老汇歌舞剧《梦幻骑士》的成功改编，原本“唐吉诃德”由嘲讽那些不自量力、脱离现实、自以为是一代大侠的这一类型人物，如今已多被用来指那些勇敢坚持自己的理想，敢于挑战社会不合理现象、不顾众人嘲笑仍坚持一己信念之人物。RobinsonCrusoe•RobinCrusoetellsoftheonlysurvivorofashipwreckwholivesaloneonadesertedislandformanyyears,solvingtheproblemsoffood,clothingandshelterasbestashecan.•CreatingtheimageofEnglishBourgeoisie:FridayCharlesDickens•Outstandingrepresentativeofcriticalrealism;•Writingabouttheworkingclass;•Greatestcreativewriters;Someofhisnovels:•OliverTwist;•DavidCopperfield;•TheOldCuriosityShop;•HardTimes;•GreatExpectations;•ATaleofTwoCities;•DombeyandSon;WilliamMakepeaceThackeray•Writingaboutmiddle-class;•Masterpiece:VanityFair;•ThetitlewastakenfromBunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress;•Thesubtitleofthenovel:ANovelWithoutaHero;WomenNovelists•JaneAusten,PrideandPrejudice;•Narrowrangeofthesociety:Theconstantquestofthemiddle-classmotherforrichhusbandsforherdaughters;TheBronteSisters•Emily(1818-1848)WutheringHeights;•Charlotte(1816-1855)JaneEyre;•Ann(1820-1849);•Alliterary,alltalentedandalldyingyoung,isoneofthesaddestpagesinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.TwentiethCenturyNovelist•ThomasHardy;•D.H.Lawrence;•JamesJoyce;Poetry•GeoffreyChaucer,thefat