四川省林业厅森林防火信息系统解决方案

目录一项目简介········································································································11.1系统建设原则································································································································11.2系统建设的目标和意义···············································································································21.3系统构架········································································································································3二外业信息平台··································································································42.1前端················································································································································52.1.1现场站点情况·························································································52.1.2前端设备组成··························································································62.2传输················································································································································72.2.1无线传输································································································72.2.2有线传输································································································72.2.3有线和无线结合的传输模式·······································································8三内业监控系统·································································································103.1系统开发环境······························································································································103.2系统建设和应用基础··················································································································103.2.1数据基础·······························································································113.2.2森林防火地理信息系统数据库建设······························································123.3系统建设技术路线······················································································································133.3.1系统建设的主要内容················································································133.3.2系统建设的技术路线················································································153.3.3系统功能模块·························································································153.3.3.1防火综合信息查询、管理与林火预测模块················································163.3.3.2火灾应急指挥扑救模块·······································································171四川省林业厅森林防火地理信息系统解决方案随着高新技术的发展，我国森林资源管理、森林防火管理在航天遥感、航空遥感、雷达遥感、GPS定位技术及GIS地理信息系统等学科领域的发展与应用上实现革命性的飞跃，加速了我国森林资源管理由粗放型向集约型方向的转移，使我国的森林防火信息技术逐步向世界先进水平靠拢。森林防火信息化工程不仅需要管理技术、协同理念，及应急、防灾、减灾的思想，更需要“3S”（遥感RS、地理信息系统GIS、全球定位系统GPS）技术的支持。因此适时地产生了森林防火地理信息系统(FGIS)。一项目简介四川省总面积万平方公里，其中全省林业用地面积万亩，占国土面积的％。有林地万亩，灌木林地万亩，森林覆盖率％，林木绿化率％，林木总蓄积万立方米。森林防火工作在整个林业厅具有相当重要的意义。1.1系统建设原则1．标准化、规范化原则系统设计应符合信息系统的基本要求和标准；数据类型、编码、图式符号应符合现有的国家标准和行业规范。基础空间数据库建设应遵循和执行国家的统一标准和规范，数据分层、分类与编码、精度、符号等标准尽可能参照已有的标准。2．数据可靠性原则森林资源基础数据是一切林业建设、管理和资源保护的公共资源数据平台。在森林资源基础数据的采集、使用、更新、管理过程中，严格执行规程、规范的要求，保证数据的质量，维护数据的准确性、权威性。3．科学性、适度超前性和可操作性原则2在保证可操作性的前提下，在系统设计上尽可能采用目前最为先进的技术，并在设施建设、设备配备方面适度超前，保持技术先进性，使新建立的系统能够最大限度地适应技术的发展和林业防火管理的要求。4．实用性原则保证系统先进行的同时，采用成熟、可靠的技术和设备，注重实用，能够解决实际问题。5．安全性、开放性原则系统建设要保证数据具有良好的安全性，保证网络系统和数据的安全运行，采用开放的技术与标准，提供信息交流借口，方便数据共享和信息交换，形成易于移植的开放性系统，同时，可根据需要进行扩展。6．统一开发、分级建设，边开发、边应用的原则在统一的标准规范指导下，分级、分步骤开展系统建设。有计划地组织各级各类森林资源基础数据的采集与建库工作，同时根据各方面需要各自组织开发子系统，为系统投入运行进行必要的准备。做到边开发、边应用。7．高性价比原则在系统建设中既要考虑技术优先，必须同时考虑成本，充分利用现有的监测技术和基础设施以及设备、数据和网络等资源，节约资金，提高系统的建设效率，用有限的资金和资源达到最好的效果。1.2系统建设的目标和意义该系统可为各级林业主管部门提供信息查询、数据更新、分析评价等服务，为林业防火规划、管理、决策和应急响应提供及时、科学、准确的依据。具体目标为：1.林业信息管理的标准化和规范化，包括制定林业信息的指标体系，调整信息收集渠道和采集方式；2.建立各级林业管理和防火设施管理的共享数据库；3.建立各专业森林火灾预测分析模型；4.联网形成分布式林业防火地理信息系统；5.实现对森林资源变化的动态监测和火灾应急响应。3根据四川省历年天气资料分析，森利防火期为10月至翌年5月，森林火灾易发期为2-4月。充分利用遥感、地理信息系统、GPS和网络通讯等高新技术，可以做到：1.非防火期内（6-9月）信息日常管理（包括信息录入与查询、报表制作、统计分析、专题制图等）、防火设施规划（主要是对监控台站的位置进行优化，保证其监测网的监视覆盖范围完整）和林火扑救决策训练（通过向指挥者提供各种图文资料，使其能针对各种模拟火场制定扑救方案）。2.防火期内火灾发生前,不断提供火灾发生背景和条件的大量信息，有助于圈定某些火灾可能发生的地区、时段及危险程度，采取必要的防范措施，减轻火灾造成的损失；3.火灾发生发展过程中,不断监测火灾的进程和态势,及时把信息传到防火扑救指挥中心,以便有效地组织救助活动；4.成灾之后,可以在大范围内实施快速反应,迅速准确地查明受损状况而做出较为准确的评估,为森林防火工作提供重要的技术保证。森林防火地理信息系统的建立可有效解决长期以来存在的资源数据不清、信息采集与处理手段落后、耗时多、成本高、精度差、周期长；数据处理能力弱、信息利用效率低、交流速度慢、共享性差等突出问题。对全面提升森林防火手段和科学决策水平，适应现代林业建设要求具有深远的意义。1.3系统构架四川省森林防火系统主要有两部分组成：外业信息平台和内外林火监控地理信息系统。外业信息平台主要有无线电和光缆两种方案；内业林火监控地理信息系统主要有森林防火综合信息查询模块和火灾应急指挥扑救模块组成，系统结构如下图所示：4四川省森林防火系统整体构架图二外业信息平台由于森林防火系统远端在野外布控,所以该系统比一般监控系统更需要特殊技术来保证系统的实用性和可靠性,下面是几种关键技术。（1）滤光透雾技术林区烟多雾重,大大地缩短了监控林火的可视范围。森林防火系统应采用先进的多栅格透雾成像技术与低照度摄像机配合使用,使远处的火情影像能够清晰地显示在监控中心监视屏幕上。达到黑夜观测半径为7公里,白天10公里能看到人、5公里能辩识人的行为、3公里能辨识人的相貌。（2）远距传输技术前端监控点与指挥中心应建设成为抗干扰能力强、抗雨雪的接入系统。无线传输的技术很多,分为有线、无线和有线与无线结合三大类。（3）系统安全技术前端监控点和指挥中心系统应有过电压保护技术、避雷技术、防盗措施的建设。由于山区雷电多而剧烈,所以防雷技术是重中之重。（4）系统基础建设技术森林防火监控外业信息平台主要由前端、传输两部分组成。四川省森林防火系统外业信息平台内业监控系统有线传输有线、无线传输结合信息查询与管理模块火灾应急扑救指挥模块无线传输5森林防火系统结构图2.1前端2.1.1现场站点情况（1）站点布设铁塔砖塔现场站点情况设备一览表序号名称情况说明备注61塔高设置铁塔或砖塔高度，在塔上有