现代大学英语精读4 unit6 groundless beliefs 课件

GroundlessBeliefsground:(usu.pl.)thefoundation/underlyingconditionforanargument,abelief,oranaction;acauseorgoodreasonforsth.Whatwerehisgroundsforwantingadivorce?Neitherstatementcanbefaultedonthegroundsthatitisinaccurate.(Lesson3)Onthegroundsofsth.:根据。。。、以。。。为理由Heresignedonthegroundsofill-health.groundless:notbasedonreasonorevidencegroundlessoptimismOurfearsprovedgroundless.Proposition:view,idea,assertionTheirtheoryisfoundedontwooftheirpropositions.Infuturewearegoingtofollowthepractice—untilitbecomesahabit—ofclassifyingpropositionsaccordingtotheirgrounds.Classifyingpropositionsaccordingtotheirgroundsisimportantbecausepeopleveryoftenbasetheirjudgmentofpropositionsaccordingtotheirpopularity,usefulness,sourceofauthorityaswellastotheirpersonaltaste.Theydonotalwaysacceptbeliefsbecausetheyaretrue.Oftentheyacceptthembecausetheirbeliefsservetheirimmediatepurpose,orbecausetheysoundnice,orbecauseitiseasierorsafertoacceptthem.takethispracticeasaguideabaseforanargumentComeacross:tomeet,todiscoversth.orsb.bychance偶然遇到、发现。。。beastonishedat:beverysurprisedatmetwith:encountered;experiencedclassas:classifyassimilarusagetobeastonishedat;tobesurprisedat;tobealarmedat;tobeamazedat;tobeastoundedattoclassas;toregardas;todescribeas;toacceptas;toviewas;toconceiveas;torecognizeasTheyrestuponmeretradition,oronsb.’sbareassertionunsupportedbyevenashadowofproof…Theyareonlybasedontradition,oronsomebody’sassertion,butarenotsupportedevenbytheleastamountofproof.这些说法仅仅是基于传统或者是一些人毫无证据的断言。strongstatementswithoutthesupportofprooftheslightesttraceoftobebasedon基于bareassertion:strongstatementswithoutthesupportofproofbare:a.naked;notcoveredwithorprotectedbyanything;empty;justefficient,mere…e.g.barearm/feetwalls没有任何装饰的墙necessities最基本的必需品facts纯粹的事实thebarebranchesofwintertreesThefridgewascompletelybare.冰箱里一点吃的也没有。Phrases:withyourbarehands:withoutweaponsortoolsbareyoursoul:totellyourdeepestandmostprivatefeelingsbareyourteeth:toshowyourteethinafierceandthreateningwaybarefaced:showingthatyoudonotcareaboutoffendingsb.oraboutbehavingbadly厚颜无耻的、露骨的e.g.abarefacedlieashadowof:theslightesttraceof少许、残余、痕迹e.g.Ashadowofasmiletouchedhismouth.Thereisnotashadowofjustificationforyourbehavior.Sheknewbeyondashadowofdoubtthathewaslying.Itmaybeabeliefwhich…eversince:情况很可能是这样的：我们最初仅仅因为别人的建议而接受了一个观点，而在那以后就一直持有（坚持）这种观点。Way:far远远地、大大地、非常地Wayupnorth老远的北方Wayahead(behind)远远在前、远远在后Manyofourstrongestconvictionswereestablishedthen.Conviction:couldalsomeanthejudgmentofajuryorjudgethatapersonisguiltyofacrimeascharged定罪e.g.Hehassixpreviousconvictionsfortheft.Theyarestrongbecausetheyhavebeeninourmindforsuchalongtime.Theyarestrongbecausetheywereimprintedonourmindwhenwewerelittlechildren,beforewewereabletojudgeforourselves.Theyarestrongbecausetheywerepassedontousduringourmostformativeyearsandoftenbypeoplewetrustedandloved.firmbelieforopinion坚定的信仰、ButifthestaunchestRomanCatholicandthestaunchestPresbyterianhadbeenexchangedwheninfants,andiftheyhadbeenbroughtupwithhomeandallotherinfluencesreserved,wecanhavelittledoubtwhattheresultwouldhavebeen.Butiftheywereexchangedwhentheywereinfantsandbroughtupindifferenthomesandunderdifferentinfluences,thenthestaunchestRomanCatholicwouldbethestaunchestPresbyterian,andviceversa.Thisshowsthatourbeliefsarelargelyinfluencedbyoursurroundings.byexchangingallkindsofinfluencethey’vegotfromhomeorothersourcesReverse:tochangetotheopposite使反向、使倒转、倒转调换Herfatherwouldbethinkingexactlythesamewayweretheirpositionsreversed.如果他父亲与她把位置倒置过来，他父亲也会与她的想法完全一样。Itisconsistentwithallourknowledgeofpsychologytoconcludethateachwouldhavegrownupholdingexactlytheoppositebeliefstothoseheholdsnow…Wecanconclude,basedonallourknowledgeofpsychology,thateachwouldhavegrownuphavingexactlytheoppositebeliefstowhattheyhavenow.根据我们所掌握的心理学知识，我们可以得出结论，两人长大后会持有与现在完全相反的信仰。tobeconsistent:beinagreementwith与。。。相一致Thenewsreportisconsistentwiththefacts.Andeachwouldthenhavefelt…ofthetruthoftheoppositeopinion:而且，每个人就像他现在一样，对自己的信仰的正确性很有把握---其实那是与他相反的信仰。betrueof:canapplytoe.g.Theproverbitisnevertoooldtolearnistrueofeveryone.Possiblythesameistrueofsocialwork?社会福利工作可能也是这样的吧？Otherthan:usuallymean‘except’,buthereitmeans‘apartfrom’.Thisusageisnotconsideredstandardbymanypeople.Ifwehadgrownupinacommunitywherepolygamyorhead-hunting,orinfanticide,orgladiatorialfighting,ordueling,wasregardedasthenormalandnaturalthing—thenweshouldhavegrownuptoregarditas“obviously”naturalandperfectlymoralandproper.Polygamy,head-hunting,infanticide,gladiatorialfightingandduelingarepracticedonlyinsomecommunitiesorpracticedincertainhistoricaltimes.Theyareconsideredimmoral,improperandabnormalelsewhereorinmoderntimes.Knowledge:awarenessThematterwasneverbroughttotheknowledgeoftheminister.Theydiditwithoutmyknowledge.Tosb’sknowledge:据某人所知Hehasbeenthereseveraltimestomyknowledge.Sentiment:anopinionorfeelingyouhaveaboutsth.意见、观点、情绪Whatareyoursentimentsonthismatter?Publicsentiment:公众情绪Ofcoursewedonotcease,whenweceasetobechildren,toadoptnewbeliefsonmeresuggestions.Ofcoursewhenwearenolongerchildren,wedonotstopadoptingnewbeliefsonmeresuggestion.当然，当我们长大以后，会