牛津英语模块六 Unit1 Grammar and usage

GrammarandusageOverview:infinitive,verb-ingandverb-ed(1)什么是非谓语动词？动词的三种形态，不能独立的在句子中做谓语，必须与系动词或者助动词一起充当谓语成分。非谓语动词的三种形式动词不定式表示未发生的或后发生的动作动词-ing表示主动的动作动词-ed表示被动的动作非谓语动词在句子中的作用主语宾语宾补表语定语状语不定式动名词现在分词过去分词作用名称√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√√一、作主语☆动词不定式作主语Toseeistobelieve.Torecoverlosttimeisimpossible.Itis/was+adj.+(for/ofsb.)todosth.e.g.Itisimpossibletorecoverlosttime.Itisveryfriendlyofyoutoinviteustoyourbirthdayparty.单个不定式作主语，谓语动词用单数。若不定式太长，往往用it作形式主语，不定式置后。☆动名词作主语FightingbrokeoutbetweentheSouthandtheNorth.Itis/was+(no)adj.+doingsth.e.g.It’snouselearninglotsofwordswithoutknowinghowtousethem.Itisnotuseful/goodtodosth.Itisuse/goodforsb.todosth.动词不定式作主语和动名词作主语的区别：不定式作主语常表示具体的某一动作；动名词作主语表示泛指或一般的抽象概念在there/it+be+nouse/good/help/need之后常用动名词作主语不定式可以和when/where/how/what/whether等连用，在句中作主语、宾语和表语，而动名词则不能高考链接：_______isagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.A.ThewalkB.WalkingC.TowalkD.Walk二、作宾语☆动词不定式作宾语e.g.Hedecidedtoworkharderinordertocatchupwiththeothers.Irefusetoacceptwhateveryoubuyforme.记忆口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装，主动应答选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide/determine,learn,want,hope/expect/wish,refuse,manage,care,pretend,offer,promise,choose,plan,agree,ask/beg,help高考链接：Weagreed________here,butsofarshehasn’tturnedupyet.A.havingmetB.meetingC.tomeetD.tohavemet☆动名词作宾语e.g.Iwouldappreciateyoucallingbacktonight.Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.HearingwhathappenedinSichuan,manypeoplecouldn’thelpcrying.记忆口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想，避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏，禁止想象才冒险，不禁建议准逃亡。consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse/pardonadmit,delay/putoff,fancy,avoid,misskeep/keepon,practisedeny,finish,enjoy/appreciate,forbid,imaging,risk,can’thelp,mind,allow/permit,escape某些特殊动词：forget,remember,regret,stop,try,mean,goon,cease,want,need,require高考链接：1.–Thelightintheofficeisstillon.–Oh,Iforgot________.A.turningitoffB.turningitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff2.–Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.–Well,nowIregret________that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone三、作宾补☆动词不定式作宾补V1+sb.+todosth.ask/require/tell/order/force/get/want/like/think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/imagine/callon/dependon/waitfor/askforV2+sb.+dosth.感官动词：see,watch,observe,notice,lookat,hear,listen,smell,taste,feel使役动词：have,make,let“五看三使二听二味一感觉”e.g.Youdon’thavetomakePaullearnFrench.Pauldoesn’thavetobemadetolearnFrench.某些动词真奇怪，to来to去令人猜；主动语态to离开，被动语态to回来。不定式用在介词but，except，besides之前如有动词do，其后的动词不定式不用to;其前如无动词do,其后的不定式则一般带to。e.g.(1)Shecoulddonothingbutcry.(2)Ihavenochoicebuttogo.(3)Whatdoyouliketodobesidessleep.☆动名词作宾补V+sb.+doingsth.e.g.IsawMarylyingonbed,crying,whenIranintotheclassroom.Howcouldyoukeepsuchalittleboyworkinglongday?Motherfoundtheboysmokinginthecorner.Onthegrass-coveredslopes,onecouldseesheepandcattlegrazingpeacefully.☆过去分词作宾补V+sb./sth.+donesth.e.g.Ineedthischapterrewrittenbeforetomorrow.Arrivingatthestation,wefoundthetraingonealready.四、作定语☆动词不定式作定语1.表示将要发生的动作。e.g.Hehasnowishtoseeher.(表主动)Thepowerstationtobebuiltnextyearwillbeofgreatvaluetothepeople.(表被动)2.在序数词、形容词最高级、thefirst，thelast，theonly等修饰的名词后作定语。e.g.Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.3.若作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者及物动词与被修饰的词不能构成动宾关系时，则不定式动词后须加上适当的介词。e.g.Heislookingforaroomtolivein.4.一个带有宾语的动词不定式短语作定语修饰名词时，为了使句意完整，须加一个相应的介词。e.g.WhenIhandedthereporttoJohn,hesaidthatTomwasthepersontosenditto.☆动名词作定语1.-ing形式和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，表示这个名词(人或物)的动作或状态，相当于一个定语从句。e.g.Thesedancinggirls(=thesegirlswhoaredancing)arefrommyclass.At11o’clock,pleasefindthewaitingbus(thebuswhichiswaiting)attheentrance.(1)表示现在(或当时)的状态，变为定语从句时常用一般时态。e.g.Thetemplestanding(=which/thatstands)onthetopofthehillwasbuiltintheMingDynasty.(2)表示正在进行的动作，变为定语从句时要用进行时态。e.g.Doyouseethewomantalkingto(=who/thatistalkingto)thesecretary？(3)-ing形式作定语时，它所表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。如果两个动作有先有后，一般不用-ing形式作定语，这时应用定语从句。e.g.Thosewhohavefinishedtheirworkcangohomenow.(4)being不能单独用作定语。e.g.Anyonewhoisfitfor(不用beingfitfor)thisjobcansignyournamehere.(5)-ing形式的完成式一般不能用作定语，除非为非限制性的后置定语。e.g.Themanagerwasn’tangrywiththemanwhohadbeensorude.(不用havingbeensorude)2.-ing形式和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系，表示这个名词的某种用途和性能，作“供；作……之用”解。e.g.Thereisaswimmingpool(=apoolforswimming)inourschool.Weshoulddosomethingtoimproveourlivingconditions(=conditionsforliving).☆过去分词作定语1.过去分词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，并且表被动。e.g.Aletterpostedthismorningwillprobablyreachhertomorrow.2.没有一定的时间性，仅表示被动。e.g.Idon’tliketoseetheletterwritteninpencil.3.表示已经完成的动作，不表示被动，动词通常为不及物动词。e.g.therisensun=thesunwhichhasrisenthefallenleaves=theleaveswhichhavefallen4.如过去分词作定语时所表示的动作正在发生，其结构为beingdone。e.g.Thequestionbeingdiscussedisimportant.高考链接：1.Pricesofdailygoods______throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.A.areboughtB.boughtC.beenboughtD.buying2.Thepicture______onthewallispaintedbymynephew.A.havinghungB.hangingC.hangsD.beinghung3.Therearefivepairs______,butI’matalosswhichtobuy.A.tobechosenB.tochoosefromC.tochooseD.forchoose4.ReadingisanexperiencequitedifferentfromwatchingTV;therearepictures______inyourmindinsteadofbeforeyoureyes.A.toformB.formC.formingD.havingformedThefollowingverbsarenormallyfollowedbytheinfinitive.afford,agree,appear,arrange,ask,attempt,care,choose,claim,come,consent,dare,decide,demand