建设项目管理Project Management for Construction(1)

ProjectManagementforConstructionFundamentalConceptsforOwners,Engineers,ArchitectsandBuilders1.The_Owners'_Perspective2.Organizing_For_Project_Management3.The_Design_And_Construction_Process4.Labor,_Material,_And_Equipment_Utilization5.Cost_Estimation6.Economic_Evaluation_of_Facility_Investments7.Financing_of_Constructed_Facilities8.Construction_Pricing_and_Conctracting9.Construction_Planning10.Fundamental_Scheduling_Procedures11.Advanced_Scheduling_Techniques12.Cost_Control,_Monitoring,_and_Accounting13.Quality_Control_and_Safety_During_Construction14.Organization_and_Use_of_Project_InformationbyChrisHendrickson,DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PAl52l3June28,1999CopyrightC.Hendrickson1998FirstEditionoriginallyprintedbyPrenticeHall,ISBN0-13-731266-0,1989withco-authorTungAu.SecondEditionpreparedforworldwidewebpublicationin2000.PrefaceThisbookisprovidedontheworldwidewebasaservicetothecommunityofpractitionersandstudents.Reproductionforeducationalpurposesispermittedwithappropriatecitation.Ifyoufindthisworkhelpfulorhavesuggestionsforadditionsorcorrections,pleaseemailChrisHendrickson:[e-mail]'sManualwithproblemsolutionsisavailableforafeeof$10tocoverreproduction,mailingandhandling.SendacheckmadeouttoCarnegieMellonUniversitytoMs.PattyLanger,DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA15213.Thisbookdevelopsaspecificviewpointindiscussingtheparticipants,theprocessesandthetechniquesofprojectmanagementforconstruction.Thisviewpointisthatofownerswhodesirecompletionofprojectsinatimely,costeffectivefashion.Someprofoundimplicationsfortheobjectivesandmethodsofprojectmanagementresultfromthisperspective:Thelifecycleofcostsandbenefitsfrominitialplanningthroughoperationanddisposalofafacilityarerelevanttodecisionmaking.Anownerisconcernedwithaprojectfromthecradletothegrave.Constructioncostsrepresentonlyoneportionoftheoveralllifecyclecosts.Optimizingperformanceatonestageoftheprocessmaynotbebeneficialoverallifadditionalcostsordelaysoccurelsewhere.Forexample,savingmoneyonthedesignprocesswillbeafalseeconomyiftheresultisexcessconstructioncosts.Fragmentationofprojectmanagementamongdifferentspecialistsmaybenecessary,butgoodcommunicationandcoordinationamongtheparticipantsisessentialtoaccomplishtheoverallgoalsoftheproject.Newinformationtechnologiescanbeinstrumentalinthisprocess,especiallytheInternetandspecializedExtranets.Productivityimprovementsarealwaysofimportanceandvalue.Asaresult,introducingnewmaterialsandautomatedconstructionprocessesisalwaysdesirableaslongastheyarelessexpensiveandareconsistentwithdesiredperformance.Qualityofworkandperformancearecriticallyimportanttothesuccessofaprojectsinceitistheownerwhowillhavetolivewiththeresults.Inessence,adoptingtheviewpointoftheownerfocusesattentiononthecosteffectivenessoffacilityconstructionratherthancompetitiveprovisionofservicesbythevariousparticipants.Whilethisbookisdevotedtoaparticularviewpointwithrespecttoprojectmanagementforconstruction,itisnotsolelyintendedforownersandtheirdirectrepresentatives.Byunderstandingtheentireprocess,allparticipantscanrespondmoreeffectivelytotheowner'sneedsintheirownwork,inmarketingtheirservices,andincommunicatingwithotherparticipants.Inaddition,thespecifictechniquesandtoolsdiscussedinthisbook(suchaseconomicevaluation,scheduling,managementinformationsystems,etc.)canbereadilyappliedtoanyportionoftheprocess.Asaresultofthefocusontheeffectivemanagementofentireprojects,anumberofnovelorganizationalapproachesandtechniquesbecomeofinterest.Firstandforemostistheincentivetoreplaceconfrontationandadversarialrelationshipswithaspiritofjointendeavor,partnershipandaccomplishment.Forexample,wediscusstheappropriatemeanstoevaluaterisksandtheappropriateparticipantstoassumetheunavoidablerisksassociatedwithconstructedfacilities.Scheduling,communicationofdata,andqualityassurancehaveparticularsignificancefromtheviewpointofanowner,butnotnecessarilyforindividualparticipants.Theuseofcomputer-basedtechnologyandautomationalsoprovidesopportunitiesforincreasedproductivityintheprocess.Presentingsuchmodernmanagementoptionsinaunifiedfashionisamajorobjectiveofthisbook.Theunifiedviewpointoftheentireprocessofprojectmanagementinthisbookdiffersfromnearlyallotherliteratureonthesubject.Mosttextbooksintheareatreatspecialproblems,suchascostestimating,fromtheviewpointofparticularparticipantssuchasconstructionmanagersorcontractors.Thisliteraturereflectsthefragmentationoftheconstructionprocessamongdifferentorganizationsandprofessionals.Evenwithinasingleprofessionsuchascivilengineering,therearequitedistinctgroupsofspecialistsinplanning,design,management,constructionandothersub-specialties.Fragmentationofinterestandattentionalsoexistsinnearlyalleducationalprograms.Whilespecialtyknowledgemaybeessentialtoaccomplishparticulartasks,participantsintheprocessshouldalsounderstandthecontextandroleoftheirspecialtasks.Thisbookisintendedprimarilyasatextforadvancedundergraduates,beginninggraduatestudentsorpro