高中英语语法(全英详解无水印)

必修一语法点一：Be+v.ing表将来usethepresentcontinuoustenseforfutureplansInEnglish,wehavelotsofwaysoftalkingaboutthefuture.Themostcommonwaysoftalkingaboutthefutureweencounteruse‘will’or‘begoingto’followedbyaninfinitive（动词原形）,andwetendtouse‘begoingto’mostoftenfortalkingaboutfutureplans.Sometimes,wealsousethepresentcontinuoustensetotalkaboutfutureplans.Ex.①wearegoingtoMexiconextSunday.②Areyoucomingtothecinema?③HeisleavingforLondonintwohours.④WearespendingnextwinterinAustralia.Onlysomeverbscanbeusedinthissituation,suchas:go,arrive,come,leave,start,stay,return,play,have,work,wear,spend,see,meet,etc.扩展：What’sthedifferencebetweenusing‘begoingto’andthepresentcontinuoustotalkaboutfutureplans?Let’slookatsomemoreexamples:“I’mgoingtoplayfootballonSaturday”Youhavemadeaplaninyourheadbutpossiblynottakenanyrealactiontoconfirmit.Also,playingfootballonSaturdayisprobablynotaregulareventforyou.“I’mplayingfootballonSaturday”Youhavemadeaplanandtakensomerealactiontoconfirmit(e.g.calledyourfriendsorbookedaplacetoplay).Inthiscase,it’slikelythatplayingfootballonSaturdaysisacommonactivityforyou.语法点二：Directspeechandindirectspeech(直接引语和间接引语)Let'sfirstdefinetheterms,thenlookathowtotalkaboutwhatsomeonesaid,andhowtoconvertspeechfromdirecttoindirectorvice-versa.YoucananswerthequestionWhatdidhesay?intwoways:byrepeatingthewordsspoken(directspeech)byreportingthewordsspoken(indirectorreportedspeech).Directspeechrepeats,orquotes,theexactwordsspoken.Whenweusedirectspeechinwriting,weplacethewordsspokenbetweenquotationmarks()andthereisnochangeinthesewords.Reportedorindirectspeechisusuallyusedtotalkaboutthepast,sowenormallychangethetenseofthewordsspoken.Weusereportingverbslike'say','tell','ask',andwemayusetheword'that'tointroducethereportedwords.Quotationmarksarenotused.1、declarativesentence陈述句①Changeinpronoun:Thepronoun(subject)ofthereportedspeechischangedaccordingtothepronounofreportingverborobject(person)ofreportingverb(firstpartofsentence).Sometimesthepronounmaynotchange.Infollowingexamplethepronounofreportedspeechis“I”whichwillbechangedinindirectspeechintothepronoun(Subject)ofreportingverbthatis“he”.Hesaid,“Ilikeitverymuch.”→Hesaidthathelikeditverymuch.②Changeintense:Ifthefirstpartofsentence(reportingverbpart)belongstopasttensethetenseofreportedspeechwillchange.Ifthefirstpartofsentence(reportingverbpart)belongstopresentorfuturetense,thetenseofreportedspeechwillnotchange.③Changeindemonstrativepronoun指示代词,temporaladverbial时间状语,adverbialofplace地点状语andverbs.Ps：(1)ifthedirectspeechindicatesobjectivetruth,thenthereisnochangeintensewhenit’sconvertedtoindirectspeech.Ex.Hesaid,“Lighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.”→Hesaidthatlighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.(2)如果在当地转述，here不必改成there，come不必改为go，如果在当天转述，yesterday,tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。2、imperativesentence祈使句Imperativesentencesdonotnormallyhaveanexpressedsubject.Inordertochangeanimperativesentenceintotheindirectspeech,weuseato-infinitive.Notethatinsteadof‘said’weuseoneofthefollowingreportingverbs:Ask,Tell,Advise,command,request,order,forbid,decree,proposeetc.Iftheimperativesentenceisinnegativeform,thenadd‘not’infrontofto-infinitivewhenconvertthespeech.Ex.①Thehostesssaidtous,“Pleasesitdown.”→Thehostessaskedustositdown.②Hesaid,“Don’tmakesomuchnoise,boys.”→Hetoldtheboystonottomakesomuchnoise.3、interrogativesentence疑问句Turnwordorderininterrogativesentenceintothatindeclarativesentence,anduseafullstopintheend.Thesubject,tense,adverbialetchavetochangeaccordingly.(1)generalquestion一般疑问句Generalquestionsarechangedintotheindirectspeechbyusingtheconnectiveiforwhether.Thereportingverbsayorsaidchangestoaskorasked.Ex.Hesaid,“AreyouinterestedinEnglish?”→Heasked(me)ifIwasinterestedinEnglish.(2)specialquestionSpecialquestionsarechangedintotheindirectspeechbyusingthesameinterrogative.Ex.“Whatdoyouwant?”heaskedme.→HeaskedmewhatIwanted.语法点三：TheAttributiveClause定语从句Attributiveclauseisasentencethatisusedtomodifyanounorapronountomakeclearwhichpersonorthingwearetalkingabout.Ex.Themanwholivesnexttoussellsvegetable.YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo.Inthetwoexamplesabove,manandeverythingarecalledantecedents先行词.WholivesnexttousandthatIdoareattributiveclauses.Whoandthatarerelativepronoun关系代词.Thewordstoconnectmainclauseandattributiveclausearedividedintotwogroups,theyarerelativepronouns,namelythat,which,who,whom,whose,andrelativeadverbs,namelywhere,when,why.Relativepronouns:Weusewhoandwhomforpeople,andwhichforthings.Weusethatforpeopleorthings.1.That,which,who2.WhoseWhosereplacesagenitivenoun名词所有格inanattributiveclause.Theantecedentcanbethingorperson.Ex.Thisisthescientistwhosenameisknownallovertheworld.Theroomwhosewindowfacessouthismine.3.When,where,whyFirst,whentheantecedentisaboutreason,anditactsasanadvintheattributiveclause,wewilluse“why”.Second,whentheantecedentisabouttime,anditplaystheroleofanadv,“when”willbeused.Third,whentheantecedentisaboutplace,playingtheroleofanadvofplace,wewillconsideradoptingwhere.必修二语法点一：（接定从讲）4.Therestrictiveandnon-restrictiveattributiveclause.限制性和非限制性(1)Restrictiveclauseslimitthepossiblemeaningofaprecedingsubject.Theyareusuallynotmark