园艺植物生物技术第一章

Chapter1Introduction生物技术(biotechnology)：以现代生命科学为基础，结合其他基础学科的科学原理，利用生物（生物组织、细胞、器官、染色体、基因、核酸片段等)的特性和功能，设计、构建具有预期性能的新物质或新品系，加工生产产品或提供服务的综合性技能。MaincontentsofbiotechnologyinhorticulturalplantHistoryofbiotechnologyContents1.Maincontentsofbiotechnologyinhorticulturalplant1.1Concept以园艺植物为材料，利用生物技术，创造或改良种质或生产生物制品的一门技术。1.2MaincontentsTissuecultureinhorticultureplantPlantcellengineeringChromosomeengineeringGeneticengineeringinhorticultureplantMolecularmarkerofplant(1)Concept在无菌和人工控制的环境条件，利用人工培养基，对园艺植物的胚胎、器官、组织、细胞、原生质体等进行离体培养，使其再生发育成完整植株的过程。1.2.1TissuecultureinhorticultureplantPrinciple植物细胞全能性（celltotipotency）：任何具有完整细胞核的植物细胞，都拥有形成一个完整植株所必需的全部遗传信息，在特定的环境下可表达出该细胞的所有遗传信息，产生一个独立完整的个体。脱分化（dedifferentiation）再分化（redifferentiaion）Contents（1）形态发生和代谢规律（2）营养/环境条件，培养技术（3）脱毒技术（4）快繁技术（5）人工种子（6）遗传与变异（7）资源保存（8）遗传转化1.2.2Plantcellengineering(1)Concept是指以细胞为基本单位进行培养、增殖或按照人们的意愿改造细胞的某些生物学特性，从而创造新的生物和物种，以获得具有经济价值的生物产品。(2)Contents（1）Cellculture细胞培养（2）Protoplastculture原生质体培养（3）Cellfusion细胞融合（4）Cellpreservation细胞保藏(3)Typesofcellculturea.Plateculture平板培养b.Suspensionculture悬浮培养c.Nurseculture看护培养d.Doublefilterpaperplateculture双层滤纸植板培养1.2.3Chromosomeengineering1.染色体组工程（1）增加→多倍体（秋水仙素处理）（2）削减→单倍体（雄/雌配子体途径）2.个别染色体工程（1）染色体的附加→附加系（2）易位→易位系（3）交换→代换系1.2.4Geneticengineeringinhorticultureplant以分子遗传学理论为基础，以分子生物学和微生物学的现代方法为手段，将不同来源的基因，按预先设计的蓝图，在体外构建杂种DNA分子，然后导入园艺植物细胞，以改良园艺植物原有的遗传特性，获得新种质或品种。1.2.5Molecularmarkerofplant可遗传并可检测的DNA序列或蛋白质。蛋白质标记：同工酶、等位酶DNA标记：（1）基于分子杂交：RFLP（2）基于PCR扩增:RAPD,SSR,SRAP（3）基于酶切与PCR扩增:AFLP（4）单核苷酸:SNP2.HistoryofbiotechnologyDuringthe1800s,thecelltheory,whichstatesthatthecellisthebasicstructuralunitofalllivingcreatures,wasveryquicktogainacceptance.Itwasin1902thatthewell-knownGermanplantphysiologist,GottliebHaberlandt(1854-1945),attemptedtocultivateplanttissueculturecellsinvitro.Heisregardedasthefatherofplanttissueculture.Molliardin1921demonstratedlimitedsuccesswiththecultivationofplantembryosandsubsequentlyKotte,astudentofHaberlandtinGermanyand,independentlyRobbinsweresuccessfulintheestablishmentofexcisedplantroottipsinvitro.in1939,Gautheret,NobecourtandWhite,publishedindependentlystudiesonthesuccessfulcultivationforprolongedperiodsofcambialtissuesofcarrotroot(Gautheret,1939),tobacco(White,1939)andcarrot(Nobecourt,1939).Thesewerethefirsttrueplanttissueculturesinthestrictsenseofprolongedculturesofunorganizedmaterials.From1939to1950,experimentalworkwithrootculturesdrewattentiontotheroleofvitaminsinplantgrowthandadvancedtheknowledgeoftheshoot-rootrelationship.Thedifferentiationofwholeplantsintissueculturesmayoccurviashootandrootdifferentiation,oralternativelythecellsmayundergoembryogenicdevelopmenttogiverisetosomaticembryos.Thereleaseofprotoplastsfromroottipcellsusingafungalcelluasein0.6MsucrosewasreportedbyCockingin1960.In1970s,restrictionenzymeswerediscovered,andthetechniquewasdevelopedbyLobbanandKaiserforjoiningtworestrictionfragmentsbyligase.In1973,StanleyCohenofStanfordUniversityandHerbertBoyerofUniversityofCaliforniaproducedworld'sfirstrecombinatDNAorganism.Thissetthefoundationofmodembiotechnologyandgeneticengineering.The1980ssawthedevelopmentofvariousgenetictransformationtechniqueswhichrevolutionizedtherDNAtechnologyandledtothedevelopmentoftransgenicplantsforvariouscrops.