Pragmatics-1

[e-mail]-upWhatdoyouknowaboutpragmatics?(“pragma-”,aLatinroot,means“act”or“action”)asabranchoflinguisticstudy?Whathaveyoulearnedinyourlinguisticcourse?Whatdoyouexpectfrompragmaticscourse?AnIntroductiontoPragmaticsLeadinWhatispragmatics?Pragmatics,Syntax,SemanticsObjectivesofpragmaticsApplicationofpragmaticsWhatdowecoverinpragmatics?RecommendedReferencesWhatcanyougetfromthefollowingexamples?Whythetwochildrenmisunderstandtheirparents？Eg1:(一个小男孩走进家门。）母亲：宝宝，把脚擦干净。（男孩脱去泥污的鞋袜，在垫子上认真地擦拭自己的脚丫子。）Eg2（一个三岁的小女孩撩起裙子，向客人展示她的新内裤。父亲试图予以阻止。）父亲：我们可不这么做。女孩：我知道，爸爸，因为你们不穿裙子。LeadinDiscussion1)A:Areyoucomingtothelecturethismorning?B:It'sonlinguistics.Qs:1.WhatdoesBwanttocommunicate?2.HowcanAgettoknowwhatBmeans?3.Whatfactorsareinvolvedinmakingtheinference?etc.APrivateConversationLastweekIwenttothetheatre.Ihadaverygoodseat.Theplaywasveryinteresting.Ididnotenjoyit.Ayoungmanandayoungwomanweresittingbehindme.Theyweretalkingloudly.Igotveryangry.Icouldnotheartheactors.Iturnedround.Ilookedatthemanandthewomanangrily.Theydidnotpayanyattention.Intheend,Icouldnotbearit.Iturnedroundagain.'Ican'thearaword!'Isaidangrily.'It'snoneofyourbusiness,'theyoungmansaidrudely.'Thisisaprivateconversation!'.[NewConceptEnglish(BookIILesson1)]WhatisPragmatics?PlsreadP3QWhatarethefourareasthatpragmaticsisconcerned?4areasthatpragmaticsisconcerned1)Pragmaticsisthestudyofspeakermeaning2).Pragmaticsisthestudyofcontextualmeaning.3).Pragmaticsisthestudyofhowmoregetsthansaid.4).Pragmaticsisthestudyoftheexpressionofrelativedistance.(Yule1996:3)Whenadiplomatsay“yes”,hemeans“perhaps”,whenhesays“perhapshemeans“no”;andwhenhesays“no”heisnodiplomatWhenaladysays“no”,shemeans“perhaps”,whenshesays“perhaps”shemeans“yes”andwhenshesays“yes”sheisnolady.(Voltaire)--thestudyofspeakermeaning[whatpeoplemeanbywhattheysay,thestudyofmeaningascommunicatedbyaspeaker(orwriter)andinterpretedbyalistener(orreader)]--thestudyofcontextualmeaning[howcontextdeterminesmeaningandshapesthewaymeaningisconveyed]Originof“pragmatics”Pragma:latinroot“act”“action”Pragmaticsisanewbranch.ThetermPragmaticswasfirstusedbyanAmericanphilosopherCharlesWilliamMorrisinhisbookFoundationsoftheTheoryofSign(1938)whichismainlyaboutsemioticsanddividessemioticsintothreedivisions,i.e.Semantics,SyntaxandPragmatics.Pragmatics,asanindependentdisciplineoflinguistics,appearedin1970swiththepublicationofJournalofPragmaticsinNetherlandsin1977.AndtheInternationalPragmaticsAssociation(IPrA)cameintobeingin1985.HistoryWhat’sthedifferencebetweenPragmatics,Syntax,andSemantics?PlsreadP4.Morris/Davis:thestudyoftherelationshipsbetweenlinguisticformsandtheusersofthoseforms[C.Morris,1938,FoundationsoftheTheoryofSigns,Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.]Compare:syntax:thestudyoftherelationshipsbetweenlinguisticforms,howtheyarearrangedinsequenceandwhichsequencesarewell-formed;semantics:thestudyoftherelationshipsbetweenlinguisticformsandentitiesintheworld,howwordsliterallyconnecttothings.DiscussionA:Areyoucomingtothelecturethisafternoon?B:It'sonpragmatics.Qs:1.WhatdoesBwanttocommunicate?2.HowcanAgettoknowwhatBmeans?3.Whatfactorsareinvolvedinmakingtheinference?etc.APrivateConversationLastweekIwenttothetheatre.Ihadaverygoodseat.Theplaywasveryinteresting.Ididnotenjoyit.Ayoungmanandayoungwomanweresittingbehindme.Theyweretalkingloudly.Igotveryangry.Icouldnotheartheactors.Iturnedround.Ilookedatthemanandthewomanangrily.Theydidnotpayanyattention.Intheend,Icouldnotbearit.Iturnedroundagain.'Ican'thearaword!'Isaidangrily.'It'snoneofyourbusiness,'theyoungmansaidrudely.'Thisisaprivateconversation!'.[NewConceptEnglish(BookIILesson1)]Pragmatics——thestudyoflanguageinuseorcontext.(对语境中语言运用的研究）。Cf.Semanticsvs.PragmaticscontextSemantics:thestudyofmeaningismorecloselyrelatedtothelinguisticforms(moreconstantandinherent)Pragmatics:thestudyofmeaningismorecloselyrelatedtothecontext(moreindeterminate,speaker’smeaning,utterancemeaningorcontextualmeaning)Themeaningdependson“context”2010年10月16日晚，一辆黑色轿车在河北大学校区内撞倒两名女生一死一伤，司机不但没有停车，反而继续去校内宿舍楼接女友。返回途中被学生和保安拦下，该肇事者不但没有关心伤者，甚至态度冷漠嚣张，高喊“有本事你们告去，我爸是李刚!”后经证实了解，该男子名为李启铭父亲李刚是保定市某公安分局副局长。此事一出迅速成为网友和媒体热议的焦点，“我爸是李刚”语句也迅速成为网络最火的流行语。Semantics----WhatdoesXmean?----XmeansY,Pragmatics----WhatdoyoumeanbyX?----SmeansYbyX..Semantics:wordmeaningandsentencemeaning----theconceptualmeaning,abstractmeaningandcontext-independentmeaning;Pragmatics:utterance’sorspeaker'smeaning----themeaninginlanguageuseandwhichiscontextdependentandconcrete.semantics—wordmeaningandsentencemeaning,whichistheconceptualmeaningandwhichiscontextindependentPragmatics—utteranceorspeaker'smeaning,whichisthemeaninginlanguageuseandwhichiscontextdependent.Semanticsisthestudyofsentencesandpragmaticsthestudyofutterancesofthesesentences.e.g.(1)Myhusbandwillbebacksoon.Meaninginsemantics—Thehusbandofthespeakerwillcometotheplacewherethespeakeris,inashorttimeafterthespeakersaysthesentence.Meaninginpragmatics—apromise,threateningorarequest.What’rethesemanticmeaningandpragmaticmeaningofthefo