四级语法精解

一、非谓语动词近几年的语法测试中非谓语动词约占31.1%，平均每年近5道题，可谓是语法项目考查的重点，那么非谓语动词的考查都有哪些特点，解答时又应注意些什么呢？下面我和大家就一起来分析一下：1、非谓语动词考查特点1)谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，如：Allthings___becauseofthesnowstorm,manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain.(1999.1)A.hadbeencanceledB.havebeencanceledC.werecanceledD.havingbeencanceled四个选项中有三个是谓语动词，只有D是非谓语动词，只要同学们能判断出这里是非谓语动词做状语，则不用考虑时态的问题，答案自明。2)谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是四级语法测试中的一个题眼。如：①Idon'tmind____thedecisionaslongasitisnottoolate.(2000.1)A.youtodelaymakingB.yourdelayingmakingC.yourdelayingtomakeD.youdelaytomake②HadIremembered____thewindows,thethiefwouldnothavegotin.(1996.1)A.tocloseB.closingC.tohaveclosedD.havingclosed③Yourhairwants______.You'dbetterhaveitdonetomorrow.A.cutB.tocutC.cuttingD.beingcut(1997.6)这类题涉及三个方面：谓语动词后应该接不定式还是动名词？即可接不定式又可接动名词时，结构和意思上有何差别？不定式与动名词用主动形式还是用被动形式？3)做定语的非谓语动词的选择从近几年的考查情况来看，对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况：(1)对一般概念的考查，而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。如：①Theproject____bytheendof2000,willexpandthecity'stelephonenetworktocover1,000,000users.(1999.6)A.accomplishedB.beingaccomplishedC.tobeaccomplishedD.havingbeenaccomplished②IfIcorrectsomeone,Iwilldoitwithsomuchgoodhumorandself-restraintasifIweretheone______.(1996.6)A.tocorrectB.correctingC.havingbeencorrectedD.beingcorrected同学们只要掌握非谓语动词做定语的一般的规律,就可以判断①题答案为C，②题答案为D。(2)对固定结构的考查，如：①Theprofessorcouldhardlyfindsufficientgrounds_____hisargumentsinfavorofthenewtheory.(2000.6)A.tobebasedonB.tobaseonC.whichtobaseonD.onwhichtobase②Thepressure_____causesAmericanstobeenergetic,butitalsoputsthemunderaconstantemotionalstrain.A.tocompeteB.competingC.tobecompetedD.havingcompeted①题为不定式做定语的固定形式，答案为D，②题为某些特定名词的定语结构，答案为A。在英语中有些名词，如动词变来的名词，形容词变来的名词，以及means,way,time,moment,reason等要求其后用不定式做定语，不定式没有体的变化。4)做状语的非谓语动词的选择做状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的选择，如：①______theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfallofftheedgeoftheearth.(1996.6)A.HavingbelievedB.BelievingC.BelievedD.BeingBelieved②_______ateacherinauniversity,itisnecessarytohaveatleastamaster'sdegree.(1995.1)A.TobecomeB.BecomeC.OnebecomesD.Onbecoming③Realizingthathehadn'tenoughmoneyand____toborrowfromhisfather,hedecidedtosellhiswatch.(1995.1)A.notwantedB.notowantC.notwantingD.wantingnot④___itornot,hisdiscoveryhascreatedastirinscientificcircles.(1997.1)A.BelieveB.TobelieveC.BelievingD.Believed从以上各题来看，考查的侧重点有：(1)状语类别的判断不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，目的状语要求用不定式，如②。(2)非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是用过去分词。(3)非谓语动词的否定形式not否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之前，如③。(4)独立成分有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制，称为独立成分，这类成分只记忆即可。如:generallyspeaking,judgingfrom...,totellthetruth...,等。5)做补足语的非谓语动词的选择做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制，不同动词后的宾语补足语形式要求不同。近几年对各类宾补都有考查。如：①Theyaregoingtohavetheserviceman____anelectricfanintheofficetomorrow.(1998.1)A.installB.toinstallC.tobeinstalledD.installed②Afterafewroundsoftalks,bothsidesregardedtheterritorydispute______.(1998.6)A.beingsettledB.tobesettledC.hadsettledD.assettled③Youwillseethisproduct____whereveryougo.(2000.6)A.tobeadvertisedB.advertisedC.advertiseD.advertising④Hisremarksleftme_____abouthisrealpurpose.(1999.6)A.wonderedB.wonderC.towonderD.wondering⑤WhenIcaughthim______meIstoppedbuyingthingsthereandstarteddealingwithanothershop.(1997.1)A.cheatingB.cheatC.tocheatD.tobecheating⑥Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience_____onbenches,chairsorboxes.(2000.1)A.havingseatedB.seatingC.seatedD.havingbeenseated考查涉及到感官动词后的宾语补足语，如③。have,make,let,leave等特殊单词后的宾语补足语。regard类后面的宾语补足语with独立分句后面的常用动词后面的宾语补足语。6)做表语的非谓语动词的选择表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择，很少有动名词的用法的考查，虽然选项中有不定式作为干扰项，只要能看出是做表语的也就不用考虑。如：①Thehousewasveryquiet,____asitwasonthesideofthemountain.(1999.6)A.isolatedB.isolatingC.beingisolatedD.havingbeenisolated②Thesesurveysindicatethatmanycrimesgo_____bythepolice,mainlybecausenotallvictimsreportthem.(2000.6)A.unrecordedB.tobeunrecordedC.unrecordingD.tohavebeenunrecorded分词做表语可以做系动词be的表语，也可以做其它系动词的表语，如go,feel,seem,look,remain等等。这些系动词后非谓语动词的饿用法规则是相同的。7)to作为介词与作为不定式符号的选择to可以是介词，也可以用来引导不定式，四级考试中对种类用法的考查也比较多。如：①Ihavenoobjection_______yourstoryagain.(2000.6)A.tohearB.tohearingC.tohavingheardD.tohaveheard②Thetraditionalapproach____withcomplexproblemsistobreakdownintosmaller,moreeasilymanagedproblems.(1996.6)A.todealingB.indealingC.dealingD.todeal③Themaninthecornerconfessedto_____alietothemanagerofthecompany.(1997.6)A.havetoldB.betoldC.beingtoldD.havingtold这类考题的考查方式有两种，一是四个选项中有两个相对的选项todosomething和todoingsomething，这时考查的自然是to的性质；另一种是to在题干中，如③。8)分词前连词的使用分词前连词的使用是为了使分词的作用更加明了，使考生更加准确地理解试题。考查有两种情况(1)根据连词选择适当的分词形式Michaelusedtolookhurtandsurprisedwhen______.(1995.1)A.scoldingB.toscoldC.havingscoldedD.scoldedwhen的使用说明非谓语动词做时间状语，答案不可能是B，从scold与句子主语间的逻辑关系来看，应该是动宾关系，答案应该是D。(2)根据状语的功能选择不同的连词Carefulsurveyshaveindicatedthatasmanyas50percentofpatientdonottakedrugs___directed.(1996.1)A.likeB.soC.whichD.as由上下文的意思可以看出，分词所做的是方式状语，连词应该是as。9)非谓语动词的体非谓语动词中分词的体有完成体和进行体，即havingdone,havingbeendone和beingdone，完成体只用于做状语的场合，而进行体可以用于做定语和做补足语。动名词的体也有havingdone,havingbeendone和beingdone的结构主要用于做主语和宾语的场合。不定式的体有tobedoing和tohavedone，主要用于pretend,happen,seem,appear,besaidto等结构中。如：①Themaninthecornerconfessedto_____alietothemanagerofthecompany.(1997.6)A.havetoldB.betoldC.beingtoldD.havin