学术英语理工TEXT11-19

Unit4WritingaLiteratureReviewEnhancingyouracademiclanguageMatchthewordswiththeirdefinitions.5——h10——j1——i2——f3——g4——c6——a7——b8——e9——d1WritingaliteratureReviewUnit4WritingaLiteratureReviewEnhancingyouracademiclanguage1Radiationoccursnaturallyinourenvironment,atypicalpersonis,andalwayshasbeenstruckby15,000particlesofradiationeverysecondfromnaturalresources,andanaveragemedicalX-rayinvolvesbeingstruckby100billion.1辐射自然存在于我们的环境当中,一般人每秒钟都遭受着来自自然资源中15，000个粒子的辐射，而一次普通的医疗X光检查则带有1，000亿个粒子的辐射。TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromText11intoChinese.1WritingaliteratureReviewUnit4WritingaLiteratureReviewEnhancingyouracademiclanguage2Thesematerialscancomeintocontactwithpeopleprincipallythroughsmallreleasesduringroutineplantoperations,accidentsinnuclearpowerplants,accidentsintransportingradioactivematerials,andescapeofradioactivewastesfromconfinementsystems.2这些材料主要通过发电厂常规运行时的少量释放物，核电站事故和放射性材料运输事故、以及放射性废料从隔离系统中泄漏而与人体发生接触的。TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromText11intoChinese.1WritingaliteratureReviewUnit4WritingaLiteratureReviewEnhancingyouracademiclanguage3Muchcanbedonetoavertgeneticdiseasesutilizingcurrentlyavailabletechnology;if1%ofthetaxespaidbythenuclearindustrywereusedtofurtherimplementthistechnology,80casesofgeneticdiseasewouldbeavertedforeachcasecausedbythenuclearindustry.3在利用现有技术预防遗传性疾病方面还有很多事可以做；如果利用核工业纳税款的1%来进一步实施这项技术，那么每一种由核工业造成的疾病中有80例遗传疾病都将得到防止。TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromText11intoChinese.1WritingaliteratureReviewUnit4WritingaLiteratureReviewEnhancingyouracademiclanguageTranslatethefollowingsentencesfromText11intoChinese.4Veryhighradiationdosescandestroybodyfunctionsandleadtodeathwithin60days,butsuch“noticeable”deathswouldbeexpectedinonly2%ofreactormelt-downaccidents;therewouldbeover100in0.2%ofmelt-downs,and3500in1outof100,000melt-downs.4高剂量的辐射会摧毁身体机能并在60天内导致死亡，但这种“明显的”死亡仅仅在2%的核反应堆熔毁事故中能够被预料到，在0.2%的熔毁事故中会超过100天，而在1/100,000的熔毁事故中会超过3，500天。1WritingaliteratureReviewUnit4WritingaLiteratureReviewEnhancingyouracademiclanguageTranslatethefollowingsentencesfromText11intoChinese.5Theall-inclusiveestimatesofradoneffectsarethatonenuclearpowerplantoperatingforoneyearwilleventuallyavertafewhundreddeaths,whileanequivalentcoalburningplantwilleventuallycause30deaths.5对于氡效应的全面估计是一家运行了一年的核电站最终将避免几百人死亡，而一个同等的煤电厂将最终导致30人死亡。1WritingaliteratureReviewUnit4WritingaLiteratureReview1WritingaliteraturereviewEnhancingyouracademiclanguageMatchthewordswiththeirdefinitions.5——j10——g1——e2——a3——i4——h6——c7——b8——d9——fUnit4WritingaLiteratureReview1WritingaliteraturereviewEnhancingyouracademiclanguage1Thoughradioactivesteamhasbeenreleasedtoreducepressurewithinthewreckedcomplex’sreactorsandtherehasbeenadditionalradiationleakagefromthethreeexplosionsthere,theresultingspikesinradiationlevelshavenotbeensustained.1尽管放射性的蒸汽已经被释放以降低被毁坏的络合物反应堆的压力，并且在三次爆炸中有额外的辐射泄露，但是正在发生的辐射水平却没有一直处于最高点。TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromText12intoChinese.Unit4WritingaLiteratureReview1WritingaliteraturereviewEnhancingyouracademiclanguage2Thistypeofradiationhassufficientenergytoionizeatoms(usuallycreatingapositivechargebyknockingoutelectrons),therebygivingthemthechemicalpotentialtoreactdeleteriouslywiththeatomsandmoleculesoflivingtissues.2这一类型的辐射有足够的能量来电离原子（通常通过毁坏电子而产生正电），从而给予这些原子化学潜能，使之与生物组织中的原子和分子发生对人体有害的反应。TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromText12intoChinese.Unit4WritingaLiteratureReview1WritingaliteraturereviewEnhancingyouracademiclanguage3ThatisbecausealargeportionofgammaandX-rayradiationwillpassdirectlythroughthebodywithoutinteractingwiththetissue(consideringthatattheatomiclevel,thebodyismostlyemptyspace),whereasalphaandbetaradiation,unabletopenetratetissue,willexpendalltheirenergybycollidingwiththeatomsinthebodyandlikelycausemoredamage.3这是因为大部分的伽玛射线和X光射线无需通过与身体的组织发生作用（就原子水平而言，身体基本上是中空的空间）而直接穿透身体，而无法穿透组织的α射线和β射线则会通过与身体原子的碰撞使其能量得以扩展，并且有可能导致更多的损坏。TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromText12intoChinese.Unit4WritingaLiteratureReview1WritingaliteraturereviewEnhancingyouracademiclanguage4DNAdamagefromionizingradiationcancausemutationsthatleadtocancer,especiallyintissueswithhighratesofcelldivision,suchasthegastrointestinaltract,reproductivecellsandbonemarrow.4由于电离辐射所带来的脱氧核糖核酸的破坏可能会造成重大改变，导致癌症的发生，尤其是对有高频率细胞分裂的组织，比如消化道、生殖细胞和骨髓。TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromText12intoChinese.Unit4WritingaLiteratureReview1WritingaliteraturereviewEnhancingyouracademiclanguage5AccordingtoGonzalez,someoftheemergencyworkersatChernobylreceivedseveralsievertsofradiation,andmanywereworking“basicallynaked”duetotheheat,allowingcontaminatedpowdertobeabsorbedthroughtheirskin.5根据冈萨雷斯的观点，在切尔诺贝利工作的一些应急工人受了几西韦特的辐射。因为酷热的缘故，许多人基本上是“赤裸”地工作，这就使得被污染的粉末通过他们的皮肤被身体吸收。TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromText12intoChinese.Unit4WritingaLiteratureReview1WritingaliteraturereviewEnhancingyouracademiclanguageMatchthewordswiththeirdefinitions.5——i10——b1——f2——d3——g4——h6——e7——j8——a9——cUnit4WritingaLiteratureReview1WritingaliteraturereviewEnhancingyouracademiclanguage1Thenagain,officialstendtodownplayeverything,soasnottotomakethemassespanicaswe’rebeingadverselyaffectedfromallsortsofthingslikefluoridationofU.S.water,ch