context语境

ContextContents1.LiteratureReview1.1ForeignScholars’ViewonContext1.2ChineseScholars’ViewonContext2.WhatisContext2.1DefinitionofContext2.2ClassificationsofContext2.2.1Malinknowski'sClassification2.2.2Firth'sClassificationofContext2.2.3Verschueren'sClassification2.2.4HeZhaoxiong'sClassification2.2.5HuZhuanglin'sClassification2.2.6JoanCutting'sClassification2.3Ingredientsofcontext2.4Contextualization2.5CognitiveContext2.5.1Abriefintroduction2.5.2TwoDistinctiveFeatures2.5.3TheRoleofCognitiveContextinUtteranceInterpretation2.6AdaptabilityofContext2.7Functionsofcontext3.Culturalcontextandtranslation3.1Definitionofculture3.2Culturalcontext3.2.1DifferentThinkingModesinChinaandWesternCountriesDefinitionsofPragmatics1.Pragmaticsisthestudyoftherelationsbetweenlanguageandcontextthatarebasictoanaccountoflanguageunderstanding.(Levision,1983:6-27)2.Pragmaticsisthestudyoftheabilityoflanguageuserstopairsentenceswiththecontextsinwhichtheywouldbeappropriate.(Levision,1983:6-27)3.Pragmaticsishestudyoflinguisticactsandthecontextsinwhichtheyareperformed.(Stalmaker,1972:383)4.Pragmatics,asatopicinlinguistics,isthestudyoftheuseofcontexttomakeinferencesaboutmeaning.（RalphFasold，2000：3）1.LiteratureReview1.1ForeignScholars’ViewonContextMalinowskifirstputforwardtheterm“contextofsituation”inhisarticleTheProblemofMeaninginPrimitiveLanguagewrittenin1923,andstressedtheneedtointerpretspeechinitscontextofsituation:“Exactlyasintherealityofspokenorwrittenlanguages,awordwithoutlinguisticcontextisamerefigmentandstandsfornothingbyitself,sointherealityofaspokenlivingtongue,theutterancehasnomeaningexceptinthecontextofsituation”(Malinowski,1923:307).TheviewofMalinowskiisinheritedanddevelopedbyanEnglishlinguist,Firth.In1950,hemadeadetailedandexhaustiveexpositionofcontextinhisbookPersonalityandLanguageinSociety.Heextendedthemeaningofcontextandstatedthatcontextrefersnotonlytothetextwithinsentencesorparagraphs,butalsototherelationshipbetweenthespeechandsocialenvironment.Hedefinedtheformeraslinguisticcontextandthelatterassituationalcontext.HallidayisanotherpersonwhomakesimportantcontributionstocontextstudyintheLondonSchoolafterFirth.In1964,heputforwardthetermregister.Whatregisterreflectsiscontext.Hallidaythinksregisterincludesthreeaspects:field,modeandtenor.Fieldincludesthefieldsofpolitics,lifeandscience,etc.Modereferstothewayofusinglanguage,speakingandwriting.Tennorincludesthestatus,relationshipandposition,etc.ofcommunicators.Onthisbasis,heputforwardtheconceptofsituation,mannerandcommunicator,whichareconsideredasthethreecomponentsoflinguisticenvironment.Withanychangeofthethreecomponents,itwouldderiveanewregister.D.H.Hymes,anAmericansociolinguistclassifiesthecontextintoeightelementsgeneralizedas:setting,participant,ends,artcharacteristics,key,instrumentalities,normsofinteractionandofinterpretation,andgenres.Lyonsillustrateshisnotionofthecontextbyintroducing6kindsofknowledgeinhisSemantics（1977）.1.Eachoftheparticipantsmustknowhisroleandstatus.2.Theparticipantsmustknowwheretheyareinspaceandtime.3.Theparticipantsmustbeabletorecognizethesituationintermsofitsdegreeofformality.4.Theparticipantsmustknowwhatmediumisappropriatetothesituation.5.Theparticipantsmustknowhowtomaketheirutterancesappropriatetothesubjectmatter.6.Theparticipantsmustknowhowtomaketheirutterancesappropriatetotheprovinceordomainthesituationbelongsto.InthebookPragmatics(1983)Levinsonclaims“contextisunderstoodtocovertheidentitiesofparticipants,thetemporalandspatialparametersofthespeechevent,andthebeliefs,knowledgeandintentionsoftheparticipantsinthatspeechevent,andnodoubtmuchbesides.”Heconsidersthecontextastheparticipants’knowledgeof6aspects:1.Knowledgeofroleandstatus2.Knowledgeofspatialandtemporallocation3.Knowledgeofformalitylevel4.Knowledgeofthemedium5.Knowledgeofappropriatesubjectmatter6.Knowledgeofappropriateprovince.(Levinson,1983)InthebookPragmatics:AnIntroduction(2001),Meypointsouttheveryimportanceofcontext,“contextisthequintessentialpragmaticconcept;itisbydefinitionproactive,justaspeopleare.”(Mey,2001:14)Meytakescontextasadynamicconcept,“contextisadynamic,notastaticconcept:itistobeunderstoodasthecontinuallychangingsurroundings,inthewidestsense,thatenabletheparticipantsinthecommunicationprocesstointeract,andinwhichthelinguisticexpressionsoftheirinteractionbecomeintelligible.”(Mey,2001:39)Sperber&WilsonintheirworkRelevance:CommunicationandCognitionstatethatcontextisapsychologicalconstructincludingnotonlytheco-textofanutterancebutalsothecontextualfactors.Theyputforewordthenotionofcognitivecontext,andtheysupposethatthediversityofthecognitivecontextmakestheinterpretationofutterancedifficult.Theythinkcognitivecontextisafundamentalconcept.Itisbecauseofthediversityofthecognitivecontextthatmakestheinterpretationofutterancedifficult.Notwoindividualsconstructidenticalrepresentationduetodifferencesinmanyaspectsespeciallyinourcognitiveabilities.Perceptualabilitiesvaryineffectivenessfromonepersontoanother.Inferentialabilitiesalsovary,andnotjustineffectiveness.Peoplespeakdifferentlanguages,th