生物工程专业英语1

LessonOneInsidetheLivingCell:StructureandFunctionofInternalCellParts1.KnowingtheComponentofthecell.2.Describetherelationshipbetweencellshapeandcellfunction.3.Distinguishbetweenprokaryotesandeukaryotesstructure.4.Introducethestructuresandfunctionsofdifferenttypesofcellorganelles.Glossary:Cyto---细胞Cytology：细胞学Cytoplasm：细胞质Cytokinesis：胞质分裂Cytoskeleton：细胞骨架Cytobiology：细胞生物学Cytocentrum：中心体chloroplast:叶绿体chlorophyll:叶绿素carotenoid:类胡萝卜素:carotene:胡萝卜素lutein:叶黄素Accessorypigment:辅助色素nucleus:细胞核（pl:nuclei）nucleoli:核仁nucleoid:拟核，类核nuclearenvelope:核膜nuclearpore:核孔•Pinocytosis:胞饮作用•Phagocytosis:吞噬作用•ribosome核糖体•polysome多核糖体•endoplasmicreticulum内质网•Golgicomplex高尔基复合体•lysosome溶酶体•mitochondrion线粒体•plastid质体•basalbody:基体•cilia:纤毛•flagella:鞭毛•stroma基质，子座•microfilament微丝，纤丝•actin肌动蛋白•myosin肌球蛋白•microtubule微管•tubulin微管蛋白•dynein动力蛋白•chemotaxis趋化性•cilia纤毛•flagella鞭毛(单数flagellum)•basalbody基体•centriole中心粒•Cytoplasm细胞质•Thelivingcontentsofacellboundedexternallybytheplasmalemma,includinganaqueousgroundsubstance(hyaloplasm,透明质，cellsap,orcellmatrix)containingorganellesandvariousinclusionsbutexcludingthenucleusandvisiblevacuoles.1.Cytoplasm:TheDynamic,MobileFactoryMostofthepropertiesweassociatewithlifearepropertiesofthecytoplasm.Muchofthemassofacellconsistsofthissemifluidsubstance,whichisboundedontheoutsidebytheplasmamembrane.细胞质：动力工厂生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由原生质膜包被。Organellesaresuspendedwithinit,supportedbythefilamentousnetworkofthecytoskeleton.Dissolvedinthecytoplasmicfluidarenutrients,irons,solubleproteins,andothermaterialsneededforcellfunctioning.细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。•nucleus细胞核，核(复数nuclei)•Theorganelleoftheeukaryotecellthatcontainsthechromosomesandhenceultimatelycontrolscellularactivityandinheritancethroughtheactivityofthegeneticmaterial,DNA2.TheNucleus:InformationCentral（细胞核：信息中心）Theeukaryoticcellnucleusisthelargestorganelleandhousesthegeneticmaterial(DNA)onchromosomes.(Inprokaryotesthehereditarymaterialisfoundinthenucleoid.)Thenucleusalsocontainsoneortwoorganelles-thenucleoli-thatplayaroleincelldivision.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。细胞核含有一或二个核仁，核仁促进细胞分裂。•Apore-performatedsaccalledthenuclearenvelopesepatatesthenucleusanditscontentsfromthecytoplasm.Smallmoleculescanpassthroughthenuclearenvelope,butlargemoleculessuchasmRNAandribosomesmustenterandexitviathepores.核膜贯穿许多小孔，小分子可以自由通过核膜，而象mRNA和核糖体等大分子必须通过核孔运输。3.Organelles:SpecializedWorkUnits（细胞器：特殊的功能单位）Alleukaryoticcellscontainmostofthevariouskindsoforganelles,andeachorganelleperformsaspecializedfunctioninthecell.Organellesdescribedinthissectionincluderibosomes,theendoplasmicreticulum,theGolgicomplex,vacuoles,lysosomes,mitochondria,andtheplastidsofplantcells.所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器，每个细胞器都有其特定功能。本节主要介绍核糖体，内质网，高尔基体系，液泡，溶酶体，线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。•Ribosome核糖体•SmallstructurescomposedoftwoproteinandribonucleicacidsubunitsinvolvedintheassemblyofproteinsfromaminoacidsThenumberofribosomeswithinacellmayrangefromafewhundredtomanythousands.Thisquantityreflectsthefactthat,ribosomesarethesitesatwhichaminoacidsareassembledintoproteinsforexportorforuseincellprocesses.核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千，核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质的重要场所。Acompleteribosomeiscomposedofonelargerandonesmallersubunit.DuringproteinsynthesisthetwosubunitsmovealongastrandofmRNA,“reading”thegeneticsequencecodedinitandtranslatingthatsequenceintoprotein.完整的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成。核糖体沿着mRNA移动并阅读遗传密码，翻译成蛋白质。SeveralribosomesmaybecomeattachedtoasinglemRNAstrand;suchacombinationiscalledapolysome.一条mRNA上可能有多个核糖体，称多聚核糖体。•Polysome多核糖体•Ofproteinsynthesis,severalribosomesalltranslatingthesamemessengerRNAmolecule,oneaftertheother.Mostcellularproteinsaremanufacturedonribosomesinthecytoplasm.Exportableproteinsandmembraneproteinsareusuallymadeinassociationwiththeendoplasmicreticulum.大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体生产。输出蛋白和膜蛋白通常与内质网有关。Theendoplasmicreticulum,alacyarrayofmembranoussacs,tubules,andvesicles,maybeeitherrough(RER)orsmooth(SER).Bothtypesplayrolesinthesynthesisandtransportofproteins.TheRER,whichisstuddedwithpolysomes,alsoseemstobethesourceofthenuclearenvelopeafteracelldivides.内质网，带有花边的生物囊，有管状，泡状之分，以及光滑和粗糙面区别。两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。粗糙内质网上分布许多核糖体，也可能提供细胞分裂后所需的细胞膜。•Endoplasmicreticulum内质网•Foldedmembranesandtubesthroughouttheeukaryoticcellthatprovidealargesurfaceuponwhichchemicalactivitiestakeplace.•SERlackspolysomes;itisactiveinthesynthesisoffatsandsteroidsandintheoxidationoftoxicsubstancesinthecell.Bothtypesofendoplasmicreticulumserveascompartmentswithinthecellwherespecificproductscanbeisolatedandsubsequentlyshuntedtoparticularareasinoroutsidethecell.•光滑内质网上无核糖体，主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化。两种内质网合成的产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。•Golgicomplex高尔基复合体•Astackofflattened,smooth,memebranoussacs;thesiteofsynthesisandpackagingofcertainmoleculesineukaryoticcells.•Transportvesiclesmaycarryexportablemoleculesfromtheendoplasmicreticulumtoanothermembranousorganelle,thegolgicomplex,withintheGoligcomplexmoleculesaremodifiedandpackagedforexportoutofthecellorfordeliveryelsewhereinthecytoplasm.•运输小泡能够将可运输的分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。在高尔基复合体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所。Vacuolesincellsappeartobehollowsacsbuta