西方翻译学(1)

TranslationtheoriesinthewestAccordingtoSteiner(1998:248-9),thehistoryofdiscourseontranslationisdividedintofourperiods:(1)atraditionalperiod,fromthebeginningoftheChristianeratotheendoftheeighteenthcentury,whichisaperiodofimmediateempiricalfocus“(2)aperiodoftheoryandhermeneuticinquiry,growingoutofGermanRomanticismaroundthebeginningofthenineteenthcentury,HermeneuticsisderivedfromtheGreekverbhermeneuein,whichmeanstosayorinterpret;thenounhermeneia,whichistheutteranceorexplicationofthought;andthenamehermeneus,whichreferstotheplayful,mischievous,tricksterHermes(赫耳墨斯,themessengerandheraldofthegods;thedivinityofcommerce,cunning,theft,travellers,andrascals).Inbringingthemessagesofthegodstohumans,Hermesenticesinterpretation.Hermeshasthecharacterofcomplication,multiplicity,lies,jokes,irreverence(不敬),indirection,anddisdain（蔑视）forrules;however,heisthemasterofcreativityandinvention.Hehasthecapacitytoseethingsanewandhispowerischange,prediction,andthesolvingofpuzzles.Representatives:Augustine,Luther,andSchleiermacher(3)amodernperiod,reachingwellintothetwentiethcentury,inwhichtheinfluenceofGeneralLinguisticsisincreasinglydominant(4)thecontemporaryperiod,aculturalturntotranslationstudies.（1）atraditionalperiodOvertwomillennia,onlyafewauthorshavesucceededinintroducinganythingfundamentalornew.ThesecreatorsandtransformersincludeSaintJerome,Luther,Dryden,Holderlin,Novalis,Schleiermacher,Nietzsche,EzraPound,(1998:283)Cicero(西塞罗公元前106-前43年,古罗马政治家、雄辩家)“Isawthattoemploythesameexpressionsprofitedmenothing,whiletoemployotherswasapositivehindrance…AfterwardsIresolvedtotranslatefreelyGreekspeechesofthemosteminentorators”.Asaconsequence,“Inotonlyfoundmyselfusingthebestwords,andyetquitefamiliarones,butalsocoiningbyanalogy（类推）certainwordssuchaswouldbenewtoourpeople,providedonlytheywereappropriate(Robinson1997a:7).西塞罗主要观点译者应该像演说家一样，使用符合古罗马语言习惯的语言来表达外来作品的内容。直译是缺乏技巧的表现。翻译应保留词语最内层的东西，即意思。翻译也是文学创作。各种语言的修辞手段彼此相通，因此翻译可以做到风格对等。提出“解释员”式翻译和“演说家”式翻译，即直译与意译。St.JeromeHeinsistedon“theaccuratetransmissionofthemeaningofthetext“.Heintroducedthefirstmajorshiftinwesterntranslationtheory“.Jeromemaintainedthemajortermsofsourcetextandtargettext,originalmeaningandtranslatedmeaning,theconceptsofliteralanddynamictranslation(wordforwordandsenseforsense“).Interpretingtheoriginalmeaningcorrectlyinordertoreproduceitproperly(Gentzler1993:95).哲罗姆（347--420）翻译不能始终字当句对，而必须采取灵活的原则。应当区别对待文学翻译与宗教翻译。前者意译，后者直译。正确的翻译必须依靠正确的理解。JohnDrydenInthePrefacetohistranslationofOvidsEpistles(1680):“metaphrase(逐字译)…turninganauthorwordbyword,andlinebyline,fromonelanguageintoanother“.“paraphrase（意译）,ortranslationwithlatitude（活动范围）…where[theauthor’s]wordsarenotsostrictlyfollowedbuthissense”.“imitation（拟作）,wherethetranslatorassumestheliberty,notonlytovaryfromthewordsandthesense,buttoforsake（放弃）thembothasheseesoccasion德莱顿（1631--1700）翻译是艺术翻译必须掌握原作特征翻译必须考虑读者译者必须绝对服从原作的意思，在译文的措词上可以有自由，意义上却毫无自由。翻译可以借用外来词翻译分三类：逐字译、意译、拟作2.GermanRomanticismAtthebeginningofthenineteenthcentury,amorephilosophicalandlessempirical,formationbegantoopenwithindiscoursesontranslationtheory.Philologyprovidedarangeofnewandexotictextsandallowedtheexpertstoproducetranslationsaimedprimarilyatotherexperts,notthegeneralpublic.Romanticismexaltedthetranslatorasacreativegeniusinhisownright,intouchwiththegeniusofhisoriginalandenrichingtheliteratureandlanguageintowhichheistranslating(Bassnett-McGuire1980:65).Thestressonboththeoriginalauthorandthetranslatorasbeingartistswasnotpartoftraditionaldiscourseformations.Schlegelwrotethat,intranslatingHomer,itwasnecessarytogetawayfromthenotionofliteralprecisionsocommonlyassociatedwithfidelity,becausetruthmustbethetranslatorshighest,indeedvirtuallyhisonly,mandateAugustine(354-430)Augustinewasatheologianandphilosopherwhohadasignificantinfluenceoncontemporaryhermeneutics.AugustinewasattributedcreditbybothHeideggerandGadamerforthedevelopmentoftheoriesoftheenactedmeaning;fortheuniversalclaimofhermeneuticsthatonecanneversayallthatliesininnerspeech;fortheforgetfulnessoflanguage;andfortheplaceoftraditioninlanguage(Grondin,1994;Palmer,1969).MartinLuther(1483-1546)TheriseofhermeneuticsasasciencecoincidedwiththeriseofProtestantism(新教).Inthismovement,Lutherbecameacentralfigureand,andhadgreatinfluenceonchurchhistoryandideas.Disdaining(蔑视)philosophyandtheory,whichhesawasemptyscholasticpursuits,heconfinedhimselftoscriptural（Biblical）interpretationandexegesis(notes),believingthatwhenliteralmeaningisproperlyandrightlydiscerned,itcontainsspiritualsignificance.InProtestantism,hermeneuticsmaintainedthattheworditselfisspiritasitisrevealedthroughthegraceofGod.MartinLutherLuthersaimistokeepcommunicationwithreadersandlisteners,buttheaudienceforhisnewtranslationofthescriptureswascomposednotofscholarsbutplainspeakersofvernacularGerman,themotherinherhouse,thechildreninthestreet,andthecommonmaninthemarket(Robinson1997a:25,modified).wild,shaggy,rebellious马丁·路德（1483-1546）翻译必须采用人民的语言。翻译必须注重语法和意思的联系。译者不能与语法背道而驰，但更应该注意意思的理解和表达。翻译必须遵循意译七原则。翻译必须集思广益。FriedrichSchleiermacher(1768-1834)Schleiermacherhasbeenconsideredthefatherofcontemporary