西方翻译学(2)

Contemporarytime•Background:•ThefirstwasthequestioningofChomsky’slinguistictheoriesbylinguiststhemselves.Thesecondwasthedevelopmentofanumberofnewanddynamicfieldswithinlinguistics,suchasdiscourseanalysis,textlinguistics,sociolinguistics,computationallinguistics,andotherassortedwonders(Pym1992:184)•Frenchstructuralistandpost-structuralistthought(Nida2001:110):Languageisnottheproblem.Ideologyandpoliticsare…•Thishasledtoaseparationbetweenlinguisticandculturalapproachestotranslationinthelastquarterofthetwentiethcentury.•Forsometranslationscholars,indeed,ithasseemedthat“strictlylinguistictheorieshavebeensuperseded（放弃）,astranslationhascometobeconsideredinitscultural,historicalandsociologicalcontextEmergenceofTranslationStudies•thesystematicstudyoftranslation...notasanintrinsicpartoftheforeignlanguageteachingprocess,[but]foritsownsake•ThefieldofTranslationStudieswasdecisivelydefinedbytheAmericanscholar,JamesHolmes,inhis1972paperonTheNameandNatureofTranslationStudies.•FromTheNameandNatureofTranslationStudies•ThereHolmesrejoicedthat,therehasbeenanewandincreasinginterestintranslationaftertheSecondWorldWar,particularlyfromtheadjacentfieldsoflinguistics,linguisticphilosophy,andliterarystudies,butalsofromsuchseeminglymoreremotedisciplinesasinformationtheory,logicandmathematics“•HolmesdividesTranslationStudiesintotwomajorbranches,PureandApplied,andthensub-dividesthePureintotwofurthersub-branches:TheoreticalandDescriptiveTranslationStudies.•Fiveareaswhichhaveledtobroaderapproachestotranslationbeyondthestaticprescriptivemodelsofthe1960s:•（1）functionistapproach•（2）polysystemtheory•（3）descriptivetranslationtheory•（4）postcolonialtheory•（5）feminism.（1）FunctionistApproachFunctionalistApproachesFunctionalistApproaches•(1)卡塔琳娜·莱思（KatharinaReiss）功能主义翻译批评理论，即文本类型理论（Texttypology）•(2)汉斯·弗米尔（HansJ.Vermeer）目的论（Skopostheorie）•(3)克里丝汀·诺德(ChristianeNord)功能加忠诚理论（FunctionplusLoyalty）(1)凯瑟琳娜·莱斯（1923-）•德国翻译功能学派早期重要的创建者之一，毕业于海德堡大学翻译学院。works•TranslationCriticism:ThePotentialsandLimitations.CategoriesandCriteriaforTranslationQualityAssessment.《翻译批评的可能性和限制》•(withHansVermeer)GrundlegungeinerallgemeinenTranslationstheorie.《普通翻译理论原理》莱斯和文本类型理论•早期理论：围绕对等概念展开，认为翻译追求的对等应该是语篇层面的对等，而不是词、句的对等，主张把翻译策略和语言功能、语篇类型以及文章体裁结合起来考察•但到了后期，她意识到，等值不仅不可能实现，而且有时并非人们所期望的，因此应该首先考虑译文的功能特征，而不是对等原则。•Therearethreetexttypes,•a.Thecommunicationofcontent---informativetypeb.Thecommunicationofartisticallyorganizedcontent---expressivetype•c.Thecommunicationofcontentwithapersuasivecharacter---operativetype•Eg.•a,Theparticularfrequencyofwordsandphrasesofevaluation(positivefortheaddresserorforthecausetowhichhehascommittedhimself;negativeforanyobstacletohiscommitment)•Mixedforms:whenweacceptthethreetexttypes,theinformative,expressiveandtheoperativetype,asthebasicformsofwrittencommunication(intercultural),itshouldbetakenintoaccountthatthesetypesarenotonlyrealizedintheir“pure”form,thatis,thattheydonotalwaysappearintheir“fullyrealizedform”.PracticalApplication•Reisssuggestsspecifictranslationstrategiesbasedontexttype.•Accordingtothethreeformsoftext-type,threemethodsoftranslationcanbedescribedasfollowing:Informativetype•TheTTofinformativetextshouldtransmitthefullreferentialorconceptualcontentoftheST,thetranslationshouldbeinplainprose(直白的不加修饰的文体),withoutredundancyandwiththeuseofexplicationwhenrequired.•ThedeltaandthenarrowNileValleytothesouthmakeuponly3percentofEgypt’slandbutarehometo96percentofherpopulation.•三角洲和南边狭窄的尼罗河谷只占埃及土地的百分之三，却有百分之九十六的人口住在这里。•中国水域、草原、山地资源丰富，开发潜力巨大。•Chinahasrichwater,grasslandandslopinglandresourceswhichhavegreatpotentialforexploitation.Expressivetype•TheTTofanexpressivetextshouldtransmittheaestheticandartisticformoftheST,thetranslationshouldusetheidentifyingmethod(同一策略）,withthetranslatoradoptingthestandpointoftheSTauthor.•Asmilecreptacrossherredface.•译文：她那绯红的脸上渐渐绽开笑容。•Herknowledgeoflovewaspurelytheoretical,andsheconceivedofitaslambentflame,gentleasthefallofdewortherippleofquietwater,andcoolasthevelvet-darkofsummernights.Herideaoflovewasmorethatofplacidaffection,servingthelovedonesoftlyinanatmosphere,flower-scentedanddim-lighted,ofetherealcalm.（MartinEden）•她对爱情的理解纯然是理论的，把它看作一股摇曳的火焰，轻柔有如露珠的滴落或静止的水面上的涟漪，冷澈有如天鹅绒般黑的夏夜。她把爱情看得像是平静的温情，在一个花香馥郁、光影迷离、虚无缥缈、万籁俱寂的氛围里，被拿来温柔地献给心爱的人。(吴劳译)Operativetype•TheTTofoperativetextshouldproducethedesiredresponseintheTTreceiver,thetranslationshouldapplytheadaptivemethod（顺应策略）,creatinganequivalenteffectamongTTreaders.DeBeers戴尔比斯钻石恒久远一颗永流传•Bethefirsttoknow.——CNN我要消息最灵通。•Goodtothelastdrop．滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。（麦斯威尔咖）•Obeyyourthirst．服从你的渴望。（雪碧）（2）HansVermeer：SkoposTheory•TranslationStudiesreturnstheattentiontotheReceptorsideofthediagram.Skopostheorybeginsbyseeingtranslationasapurposefulaction,whichleadstoaresult,anewsituation,andpossiblytoanewobject.Theaimofthetranslationalaction,andthewayinwhichitisrealizedisnotrandom,butmustbenegotiatedwiththeclientwhocommissionstheaction.SkopostheoryΣκοπόςSkoposaim,intention,objective,purposeSkopostheory•Translationisaformofhumanaction(translationalaction)•Allhumanactionhasapurpose•Skopos=purposeofatranslation•Allhumanactio