大学英语语法之动词 Verbs

EnglishGrammarVerbsclassificationformsfeaturespractice12实义v.---notionalverb(连)系v.---linkverb助v.---auxiliaryverb情态v.---modalverb及物v.---transitiveverb(vt.)不及物v.---intransitiveverb(vi.)谓语v.--predicateverb非谓语v.--non-predicateverb规则v.--regularverb不规则v.--irregularverb终止性v.--terminativeverb持续性v.--durativeverb短语v.--phrasalverbauxiliaryverbverbusedwithnotionalverbstoshowtense,voice,oremphaticmood,andtoformaquestionornegativestatement;＊meaninglessitself;＊can’tbeusedasV.aloneUsageofaux.v.1.toformnegativeV.Idon’tlikeyourhat.2.toformaquestionDoyoulikemyhat?Usageofaux.v.3.toforminversionNeverdidIexpecttoseehim.4.toreplacementionedverbtoavoidrepetitionDoyoulikeEnglish?Yes,Ido.modalverbverbusedwithnotionalverbstoindicatespeaker’sfeelingsandattitudes,i.e.toexpresspossibility,permission,obligation,etc.modalverb＊incompletemeaning;＊can’tbeusedasV.alone;＊mustbefollowedbyinfinitiveformofverb;＊nopersonandnumberchanges;＊somehavepasttensecancouldmaymightmustshallshouldwillwouldneeddareoughttoUsageofmodalv.1.toindicatespeaker’stoneandattitude2.forsubjunctivemood虚拟语气3.forspeculation推测might,may,could,can,must情v.+v.原→对现在状态或经常动作推测情v.+bedoing→对此时此刻发生的动作行为推测情v.+havedone/havebeendoing→对过去发生的事情进行推测must的否定推测→can’t/couldn’tShemustbestudyingintheclassroomnow.Shemusthavebeenworkingthen.Shemay/mighthavebeenbuyingstampsinthepostofficewhenyousawher.Youmustbeverytired,aren’tyou?Youmusthaveseenthefilm,haven’tyou?Youmusthaveseenthefilmlastweek,didn’tyou?Youmusthaveknownhimbeforeyouwrotetohim,hadn'tyou?Itmusthavesnowedlastnight,________?Theoldmanmustbeourheadmaster,________?Marymusthavefinishedreadingthenovelnow,________?didn’titisn’thehasn’tshe☆各种虚拟句☆表示轻微责备or遗憾情态v.(not)+havedone“本应…（而实际却没…）”“本不该/必…（而实际却…）”was/wereto+have(been)done“过去计划中要做某事，实际上没做”区别:“shouldn’t+havedone”表示过去本不该做的事情实际上却做了“needn’t+havedone”表示过去本不必做的事情实际上却做了Theyshouldn’thaveleftsoearly.Youneedn’thaveboughtit.Youneedn’thavecomehereyesterday.principalformsofverbsthird-personsingularformpastformpastparticiple(p.p.)presentparticiplefeatures＊tense＊voice＊moodtenseofverbsgrammaticalmeaningclassificationsequenceoftensestimemanner现在--present过去--past将来--future过去将来--pastfuture一般:indefinite进行:continuous完成:perfect完成进行:perfectcontinuous一般现在时thepresentindefinite一般过去时thepastindefinite一般将来时thefutureindefinite过去将来时thepastfutureindefinite现在进行时thepresentcontinuous过去进行时thepastcontinuous将来进行时thefuturecontinuous过去将来进行时thepastfuturecontinuous现在完成时thepresentperfect过去完成时thepastperfect将来完成时thefutureperfect过去将来完成时thepastfutureperfect现在完成进行时thepresentperfectcontinuous过去完成进行时thepastperfectcontinuous将来完成进行时thefutureperfectcontinuous过去将来完成进行时thepastfutureperfectcontinuous＊Shesayssheisacollegestudent～shewasacollegestudent.～shewillbeacollegestudent.＊HashetoldyouwhenhewillleaveforBeijing?/leftfor～?＊Willyoutellmewhenyoufinishedthework?＊Shetoldmeshewasateacher.HesaidhewasstudyingFrench.Sheexplainedtomethatshehadmadethemistakechieflyoutofcarelessness.Bettysaidthatshehadbeenwaitingformycall.＊Hesaidthathewouldcomebackthenextday.Shesaidthatshewouldbesettingoffonthe10o’clocktrain.Hetoldthemthathewouldhavefinishedbysixo’clock.＊Hetoldmethathewasbornin1959.MymothertoldmethatmygrandfatherwenttoGermanyin1917.＊Ourteachersaidthattheearthisroundanditgoesroundthesun.＊I’llbeasingerwhenIgrowup.Ifitisfinetomorrow,we’llhaveabasketballmatchwithClassTwo.voiceofverbs＊grammaticalmeaning＊classification＊transformation＊application＊specialstructuresHiscarhasbeenstolen.Iwasbornin1980.Sheislikedbyeverybody.Englishisspokenhere.1unknownorunnecessaryS.2emphasizeactiontakergrammaticalmeaningaformofverbsindicatingtherelationshipbetweentheSubjectandthePredicateclassification＊activevoice＊passivevoice:be+p.p.(vt.)simplesentence5basicsentencepatternsS.+vi.+…S.+V.+P.＊S.+vt.+O.+…＊S.+vt.+Oi.+Od.+…＊S.+vt.+O.+O.C.+…transformationS.+vt.+O.+…→O.+be+v-ed+by+S.S.+vt.+Oi.+Od.+…S.+vt.+O.+O.C.+…＊Wegavehersomebooks.→Shewasgivensomebooks(byus).→Somebooksweregiventoher(byus).＊Wewillmakeourcountryricherandstronger.→Ourcountrywillbemadericherandstrongerbyus.＊Weelectedhimourmonitor.→Hewaselectedourmonitorbyus.＊Theboyaskedtheteachertoexplainthesentence.→Theteacherwasaskedtoexplainthesentencebytheboy.＊Weheardthemtalkaboutthatfilm.→Theywereheardtotalkaboutthatfilm.＊Weheardthemtalkingabout...→Theywereheardtalkingaboutthatfilm.Itissaidthat…据说Itisbelievedthat…大家（人们）相信Itisreportedthat…据报道Itisannouncedthat…据宣布Itisallegedthat…据称Itisassertedthat…有人承认Itisassumedthat…假设（定）Itiscalculatedthat…据计算Itisclaimedthat…有人声称（主张）Itisconsideredthat…认为Itisdeclaredthat…据宣布、有人宣布Itisdemonstratedthat…证明Itisestimatedthat…估计Itisexpectedthat…看来Itisfoundthat…发现Itisgenerallyagreedthat…人们通常认为Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…大家认为Itishopedthat…希望Itisgenerallyrecognizedthat…一般（普遍）认为Itishypothesizedthat…假设（定）Itislearnedthat…据说（闻）Itismentionedthat…据说Itisnoticedthat…有人指出Itispredictedthat…预计Itispreferredthat…最好Itisproposedthat…有人提议Itisrecommendedthat…建议Itisrumoredthat…谣传Itissuggestedthat…有人建议Itissupposedthat…据推测说Itisthoughtthat…有人认为Itisunderstoodthat…不用说，……是很明白的Itisuniversallyaccept