英文公文写作

ENGLISHWRITINGExpression“WritingYourWriting”.WritinginPlainEnglishWritingEnglish–Spring2013OurGoal:EffectiveWritingCommunicationToreadandclearlyunderstandwhatissaid,towriteandtobeclearlyunderstood,andtowritewhatyouhavetowriteinsuchawayastobringthemaximumresultbothtoyourselfandtoyourreaders.TheEnglishlanguagehasanalphabet,madeupof26________?LettersEnglishwords:Phrases:Sentences:ParagraphsEssaysRobertGunning–“HowtoTaketheFogOutofBusinessWriting”Clarityandconciseness1.KeepSentencesShort.Foreasyreading,sentencesshouldvaryinstructureandlengthbut,ontheaverage,shouldbeshort.(15–20words)2.PrefertheSimpletotheComplex.Manycomplextermsareunnecessary.Whenthereisasimplerwayofsayingathing,useit.Avoidcomplexsentences.(‘Love’inthefirstexampleisasimplerwordthan'pronouncedaffection'.PrinciplesoneandtwogotogetherEXAMPLE(writeonboard):RobertGunningdieddecadesagoandhisbookisoutofprint,althoughyoucanstillfindusedcopiesonlineandatyourlocallibrary.Better:RobertGunningdieddecadesago.Hisbookisoutofprint,butyoucanfindcopiesatyourlocallibrary,andyoucanstillfindusedcopiesonline.BETTER:RobertGunningdieddecadesago.Hisbookisoutofprint,butyoucanfindcopiesatyourlocallibrary.Ifyouwantyourowncopy,youcanstillfind(buy)usedcopiesonline.Writingstylehaschangedovertime.Itcontinuestoevolvealongsidethetechnologyofmasscommunication.InElizabethantimes,writingaveraged40to60wordspersentence.By1900theaveragesentenceinEnglishhadshrunkto21words.Bythe1970sitwas17wordsandtodaywritingaverages12to17wordspersentence.Notallwritingfitsthisdescription.Butanythingwrittenforlargeaudiencesdoes.Thatincludesfictionandnon-fictionbooks,popularmagazines,newspapersandbusinesswritingforpublicaudiences.Sentencelengthisjustoneofthechangesinwritingstyle.Asliteracyhasgrown,sohasthepublic’sdemandforclarity.Andastechnologyincreasescommunication,claritycommandsthewidestaudiences.Inthemoderncomputerage,weputoutmorewords,moredataandmoreinformationthanpeoplecanpossiblyuseorbegintothinkoverandabsorb.Readersdemandclarityandconciseness,ortheywon’tbuyit.Readersoutsideoftheclassroomtodaypassoverawordydocumentonanytopiciftheyhavetostudyorlabortounderstandit.3.Developyourvocabulary.Don'tletpreferenceforshortwordslimityourvocabulary.Intelligenceandvocabularysizearecloselylinked;youneedlongwordstothinkwith.(Theshorterwordmaynotalwaysbethepreciseword.Capsizemaybeshorterthanoverturn.Butonlyashipcancapsize;atruckcannot.)A:Putyourseatbelton.B:Why?A:Becauseitwillprotectyouincaseofanaccident.B:Butit’suncomfortable.A:It’sthelaw.B:It’ssomuchtrouble.A:It’scommonsense.B:It’ssotightthatit’shardformetobreathe.A:Holdyourbreathtillwegetthere.B:Okay,myseatbeltison.A:I’mgladyoudon’tcomplainverymuch.B:I’mreadyforanaccident.Usethefamiliarword.Intelligentpeopleusetheirlargevocabulariesonlytoimpartclear,exactmeaning—nottoshowoff.“Bigmindsuselittlewords;littlemindsusebigwords.”)4.AvoidUnneededWords.Nothingweakenswritingsomuchasextrawords.Becriticalofyourownwritingandmakeeverywordcarryitsweight.5.PutActionIntoYourVerbs.Theheavinessofmuchbusinesswritingresultsfromoverworkingthepassiveverbs.Prose(writing)canusuallybekeptimpersonalandremainintheactivetenses.6.UseTermsYourReaderCanPicture.Abstracttermsmakewritingdullandfoggy.Chooseshort,concretewordsthatthereadercanvisualize.A:Thehouseburneddown.B:Whathappened?A:Themanfellasleep.B:Washesmoking?A:Yes,hewassmokingacigarette.B:Didhedie?A:Yes,hedid.Hiscatdied,too.B:That’stoobad.Whatabouthissmokealarm?A:Thebatterywasdead.B:Agoodbatterywouldhavesavedhislife.A:Hehadcigarettes,butnobattery.B:Ithappensallthetime.A:Ireallylikethishouse.B:Canweaffordit?A:Theywant20percentdown.B:That’salotofmoney.A:Butthehouseissonice.B:It’sinagreatneighborhood.A:It’sclosetothebeach.B:It’sclosetothefreeways.A:It’sgotabigyard.B:Thekidslovethehouse,too.A:Ifwedon’tbuyit,someoneelsewill.B:You’reright.Let’sbuyitnow.Wecanworrylater.SentenceStartersDuringspringfestival,myfamily…Wecelebratedtheholidaywith…Myfavoritefoodtoeatforspringfestivalis…Thebestpartofmyholidaywas…Mygoalsforthissemesterare…邮编：266590中国山东青岛黄岛区前湾港路579号，山东科技大学文法学院王秀花WANGXiuhuaCollegeofHunanitiesandLaw,ShandongUniversityofScienceandTechnology,579QianwangangRd.,HuangdaoDist.,Qingdao,Shandong,P.R.China.266590SevenStrategiesPresentYourIdeasinaPositiveandEffectiveWay.Sevenstrategiesforpositivecommunication:1.PositiveWordingLESSEFFECTIVE:Youwillnevergetabetterofferthanthis.MOREEFFECTIVE:Thisisthebestofferyouwilleverget.2.PreciseLanguageLESSEFFECTIVE:Thischartshowsanincreaseoverthelastfewyears.MOREEFFECTIVE:Thischartshowsa23%increaseinKFCsalesfiguresoverthelast3years.3.GenderneutralLESSEFFECTIVE:Thismeetingisforinternationalbusinessmen.MOREEFFECTIVE:Thismeetingisforinternationalbusinesspeople.4.PassiveStructureLESSEFFECTIVE:Mr.Jonesbrokethephotocopier.MOREEFFECTIVE:Thephotocopierisbroken.5.“YOU”StatementsLESSEFFECTIVE:Thisisagreatincentiveprogramforemployees.MOREEFFECTIVE:Youremployeeswillbenefitgreatlyfromthisincentiveprogram.6.PositiveConditionsLESSEFFECTIVE:Wewillcancelnegotiationsifyoudonotincre