英汉语言与文化对比最新版Chapter 1 An Introduction

ContrastiveStudiesinlanguageandCulture•References：•Works：•1《实用英汉对比教程》冒国安重庆大学出版社2004•2《英汉语言对比研究》何善芬上海外语教育出版社2002•3《汉英语对比纲要》潘文国北京语言文化大学出版社1997•4《英汉语研究与对比》邵志洪华东理工大学出版社1997•6《汉英对比翻译导论》邵志洪华东理工大学出版社2005•7《汉英对比与翻译中的转换》周志培华东理工大学出版社2003•8《英汉语比较导论》魏志成上海外语教育出版社2003•9《实用英语语言文化》王振亚河北大学出版社2004•10《英汉语言与文化对比研究》李文凤云南民族出版社2003•11《语言与文化---英汉语言文化对比》邓炎昌外研社1989•12ComparativeStudiesinLanguage&Culture《英汉语言文化学》常宗林•中国海洋大学出版社2004•13《跨文化交际学》贾玉新上海外语教育出版社1997•14CommunicationBetweenCulturesLarrySamovar外研社2000ContrastiveStudiesinlanguageandCulture•Collectedwritings：•15《英汉语言文化对比研究》李瑞华上海外语教育出版社1996•16《英汉语言文化对比研究》（1995—2003）王菊泉郑立信•上海外语教育出版社2004•17《英汉对比研究论文集》杨自俭李瑞华上海外语教育出版社1990•18．《语言与文化》（第二版）顾嘉祖上海外语教育出版社2002•Contents•ChapterOneLanguageandCulture---AnIntroduction•ChapterTwoWordandmeanings潘文国王振亚邵志洪•ChapterThreeWordandstructure常宗林冒国安•ChapterFourMotivationofwords魏志成何善芬•ChapterFiveNewwordsandmeanings魏志成•ChapterSixPhonetics李瑞华何善芬魏志成•ChapterSevenGrammar:Subjectdifference•ChapterEightParataxisandHypotaxis潘文国周志培邵志洪•ChapterNineLanguageandpsychology潘文国•ChapterTenThefeaturesofgrammar:implicitnessandexplicitness•flexibilityandrigidity潘文国•ChapterElevenRhetoric邵志洪何善芬冒国安•ChapterTwelvePragmatics冒国安李瑞华ChapterOne•1.Languageanditsfunction•1.1Thedefinitionoflanguage?•Languageisatoolforhumancommunication.•Languageissystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforcommunication.•Languageisameanstoexpressandexchangethoughts,concepts,knowledge,andinformationaswellastofixandtransmitexperienceandknowledge•1.2ThefunctionsoflanguageChapterOne•Languageisatoolforcommunication(Wardhaugh1972)•Languageisusedtounderstandanddescribetheworld(XuGuozhang),namingthings,classifyingthings,describingtherelationbetweenthings.•Languageisthevehicleforculturalinformation,whichreferstotheexperienceandknowledge.•2.LanguageoriginsandlanguagefamiliesChapterOneChapterOneChapterOne•3.Culture•3.1definition•Cultureinbroadsense•Cultureinnarrowsense•Culturemaybedefinedaswhatasocietydoesandthinks.(Sapir)•Whatreallybindsmentogetheristheirculture--theideasandthestandardstheyhaveincommon.(Benedict)•Acultureisacollectionofbeliefs,habits,livingpatterns,andbehaviourswhichareheldmoreorlessincommonbypeoplewhooccupyparticulargeographicalareas.(Brown)•Culturereferstothetotalwayoflifeofparticulargroupofpeople.Itincludeseverythingthatagroupofpeoplethinks,says,does,andmakes.(Kols)ChapterOne•1)Thephysiologicalneeds.•2)Thesafetyneeds.•3)Thebelongingnessneeds.•4)Theesteemneeds.•5)Theself-actualizationneeds54321Cultureisaparticularwaytosatisfyhumanneeds•Self-actualizationneeds•Esteemneeds•Belongingnessneeds•Safetyneeds•PhysiologicalneedsChapterOne•3.2categoriesofculture•3.2.1Substantialculture•3.2.2Systemculture•3.2.3Behaviorculture•3.2.3Psychoculture•NidaE.A(尤金·奈达):(Language,CultureandTranslating)•1)Ecologicalculture•2)Materialculture•3)SocialcultureChapterOne•4)Religiousculture•5)linguisticculture•1)External(外在文化/有形文化）•*Behaviors--language,gestures,customs•*Products--literature,folklore,arts,music,artifacts•2)Internal（内核文化/无形文化）•*ideas–beliefs,values,morals3.3Featuresofculture•3.3.1Onlyhumanbeingshaveculture•Cultureissocialheritage,notphysiologicalheredity.•3.3.2Cultureislearned,notbornwith•3.3.3MostpartofcultureiscovertChapterOne•3.3.4Cultureistheguidetopeople’sbehaviors•3.3.5Cultureissubjecttochange•Innovation:thediscoveryofnewpractices,tools,orconceptsthatmanymembersofthecultureeventuallyacceptandthatmayproduceslightchangesinsocialhabitsandbehaviors.•Diffusion:theborrowingbyoneculturefromanother.Itispartofculturalcontact.•Acculturation:Itoccurswhenasocietyundergoesdrasticculturechangeundertheinfluenceofamoredominantcultureandsocietywithwhichithascomeincontact.•3.3.6CultureisethnocentricChapterOne•Non-natural（非自然性）•Non-individual（非个人性）•Non-innate（非先天性）•Regionalandtrans-regional（地域性与超地域性）•Epochalandtrans-epochal（时代性与超时代性）Products/SymbolsBehaviorsValuesBeliefsChapterOneLayersofCulture:ChapterOne•4.Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture•4.1Languageisapartofculture•4.2Languagereflectsculture•4.3Languageisinfluencedandconditionedbyculture•4.4Languagealsoinfluencesculture•5.Languageandthinking•“IfAristotlehadspokenChinese,hisphilosophywouldn’thavebeenwhatitis.”•5.1Languagehelpsthinking•5.2Languageisinfluencedandrestrainedbythinking•5.3LanguageinfluencesandrestrainsthinkingChapterOneChapterOne•6.Cultureandthinking•7.Cultureandperception•Perceptionisthemeansbywhichwemakesenseofthephysicalandsocialworld.•Thereisnorealityexcepttheonecontainedwithinus.•Ourperceptionsgivemeaningtoallthoseexternalforces.•Perceptionistheprocessofselecting,organizing,andinterpretingsensorydatainawaythatenablesustomakesenseofourworld.•Thephysicalmechanismofperceptionisprettymuchthesameinallpeople:sensoryorganslikeeyes,earsandnose…butcultureprovidespeoplewithaperceptuallensthatgreatlyinfluenceshowweinterpretandevaluatewhatwereceivefromtheoutsideworld.ChapterOneChapterOneChapterOneChapterOne•8.culturalpatterns•Diverseculturalpatterns:•Hofstede’sValuedimensions•1.Individualism—Collectivism•2.UncertaintyAvoidance•3.PowerDistance•4.MasculinityandFemininity•St