明喻暗喻类比拟人分析解析

Chapter5FiguresofSpeech(1)2314MetaphorPersonificationSimileAnalogyIntroduction•FiguresofSpeech•Definition:•Figuresofspeecharerecognizedformsofrhetoricalexpressionthatdepartfromcustomaryconstruction,order,orsignificanceforthepurposeofachievingspecialeffectsormeanings,andthatconformtocertainspecialclassification.•--李亚丹《汉英辞格对比研究简编》•辞格是人们在长期使用语言文字的过程中，逐步形成的具有特定方法，特定结构，特定功能，为语言使用者所公认，符合特定类聚系统要求的美化语言的言语模式。•--李亚丹《汉英辞格对比研究简编》•E.g.•1.StarshinebrightlyintheskyStartwinklelikediamondsinthesky.•2.Imperialismappearstobestrongbutinwardlyitisweak.Imperialismisapapertiger.•Thesecondonethemorevividandcolorfulthanthefirstone.•Thepurposeoflearningfiguresofspeech•Itishelpful•todeepenourunderstandingofwhatweread•toappreciatemorefullythefinerpointsofawriter'sstyle.•tolearntowritebetterourselves.5.1Simile•5.1.1Definition:•E.g.•1.JimlookslikehisbrotherBilly.•2.JimandBillyareaslikeastwopeas.•1.ordinaryliteralcomparison,for•a)wearecomparingtwolikeelements--JimandBillyarebothhumanbeings;•b)wemeanJimisliterallylikehisbrotherinappearance.•2.asimile,for•a)Wearecomparingtwounlikeelements--humanbeingsandpeas;and•b)wedon'tmeanJimandBillyareliterallylikepeas,butonlythattheyhaveonethingincommonwithpeas:greatsimilarityinappearance.•Definition•Itisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon.tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as...as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.•marker:like,as,seem,asif,as…as,so…as,asitwere…….•simile(明喻)用like等喻词联结两类不同的事物(主体和喻体)，以表明相似关系的比喻.•---李鑫华《英语修辞格详论》•Characteristicsofasimile•a.tenor(本体);vehicle(喻体)•b.tenorandvehiclebelongstototallydifferentthingsofdifferentproperties.•c.tenorandvehiclehaveonequalityincommon.•d.similemarker(喻词)isusedtoconnecttenorandvehicle:like/as;•Structure:(tenor)(similemarker)(vehicle)•simile必须具备两个条件:•一是本体、喻体和喻词三者缺一不可;•二是喻词必须是like,as,asif,asthough等显性喻词。•E.g.P171(1)(2)•Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.•MyluveislikearedredroseThat'snewlysprunginJune:o,myluveislikethemelodieThat'ssweetlyplayedintune.(RobertBurns:ARed,RedRose)•Considerifthefollowingexamplesaresimiles:•Ahomewithoutloveisnomorethanabodywithoutasoul.•Iwasbornandbredamongbooks,andhavetheeasyfeelingwhengetintotheirpresencethatastableboyhasamonghorses.•我是在书本中生，在书本中长的，一见到书就有一种自由自在的感觉，就像一个小马倌在马群中一样。•5.1.2PatternsofSimile•1、用介词引导•2、用从属连词引导•3、用what引导•4、用形容词比较级引导•5、用并列连词“and”引导•6、用theway或that引导---李鑫华《英语修辞格详论》---李亚丹《汉英辞格对比研究简编》•5.1.2.1用介词引导•最常用的介词是as和like•e.g.•Thetrainsflowedlikeatorrentofdiamondstowardstheinterior.火车像奔流的钻石一样像内陆流去。•Inhisdreamhesawthetinyfigurefallasafly.•5.1.2.2用从属连词引导•E.g.•Afarmlayquitevisible,like/asawhitestoneinwater.•农庄清晰可辨，犹如白石映于水中。•Thesapphireshallbeasblueasthegreatsea.•蓝宝石像大海一样蓝•5.1.2.3用what引导•AistoBwhatCistoD•WhatCistoD,AistoB•E.g.•Thepeopleistothepeople’sarmywhatwateristothefish.•Whatthegunistoafighter,thepenistoawriter.•AsCistoD,soAistoB.(themainclauseintroducedbyso)•Asthelioniskingofbeasts,soistheeaglekingofbirds.•鹰是鸟中之王，犹如狮是兽中之王。•Aslungsaretotheanimals,soleavesaretotheplants.•叶子之于植物，犹如肺之于动物。•5.1.2.4用形容词比较级引导•E.g.•Therubyshallberedderthanaredstone.(?)•Wehavenomorerighttoconsumehappinesswithoutproducingitthantoconsumewealthwithoutproducingit.•我们无权只消耗财富而不创造财富，我们也无权只享受幸福而不创造幸福。•5.1.2.5用并列连词and引导•E.g.•Loveandcoughcannotbehidden.•爱情像咳嗽一样掩盖不了。•Ofsoupandlove,thefirstisthebest.•恋爱如喝汤，头一碗最香。•5.1.2.6用theway或that引导•E.g.•Thebestworkisdonethewayantsdothings---bytiny,tirelessandregularadditions.•最好的作品都是像蚂蚁干活那样完成的---通过点滴、不懈、经常不断的增补而成。•Youmightaswellthrowyourmoneyintotheseaaslendittohim.•你把钱借给他好比/还不如把钱扔进海里。•5.1.3Threemainusesofsimile•1、Descriptive（描述）•2、Illuminative（阐释，启发）•3、Illustrative（解释，说明）•5.1.3.1Descriptive•Agooddescriptivesimilecandrawsharperpicturesintheandwithmuchmorebrevity.•P173(6)•5.1.3.2Illuminative•Theilluminativesimiletriestogivedeeperinsightintopersons,things,ideas,evenproblems,throughsuggestiveassociation;tothrowlight,asitwere,ontowhatwouldotherwisebeinconceivabletoordinarypeople.•P174(8)(11)•5.1.3.3Illustrative•Theillustrativesimileistoexplainabstractorcomplicatedideasorprocessesinsimple,concreteimagery.•P176(12)5.2Mataphor•5.2.1Definition•Ametaphor,likeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.•E.g.Theworldisastage.•明喻与暗喻的区别：•明喻常用“似”“像”之类的比喻词，但暗喻则绝对不能用这一类比喻词•明喻中的本体与喻体一定同时出现在句子中，但暗喻的本体和喻体可同时出现，或本体隐去，或喻体隐去。•E.g.•Somebooksaretobetasted,othertobeswallowedandsomefewtobechewedanddigested.•明喻是“相类”关系，即只是客观比较，是人的一种认识。暗喻是“相合”关系，即是一种主观上带有内涵意义的融合，是人的审美能力与艺术想象力的再现。---陈望道《修辞学发凡》•E.g.•女人像花（女人是女人，花是花，各有所指）•女人是花（女人与花不再分指，而是在美丽这一内涵上合二为一）•5.2.2PatternsofMetaphor(源自李亚丹）•5.2.2.1基本格式•XbeY.•Educationisnotthefillingofapail,butthelightingofafire.(WilliamB.Yeats)•教育不是往桶里倒水，而是把火点燃。•除了系动词外，还可用get,become,等•Theindividualdropsofrainbecomeanarmymarchingoverfieldsandrooftops.•5.2.2.2并列式•本体喻体各自成句•Fireprovesgold,adversityprovesmen。•金从火中锻炼出来，人从忧患中磨练出来•Inwateryoumayseeyourface,inwine,theheartofanother.•5.2.2.3修饰式•用定语和中心词之间的限定关系打比方•Thetreeoflibertymustberefreshedfromtimetot