栖息的鹰

TedHughes(1930-1998)TedHughesisconsistentlydescribedasoneofthe20thcentury’sgreatestEnglishpoets.BornAugust17th,1930inMytholmroyd,Yorkshire(约克郡英格兰东北的一郡),hisfamilymovedtoMexboroughwhenhewas7torunanewspaperandtobacco(烟草)shop.Hewrotehisfirstpoemfromtheageof15,someofwhichmadetheirwayintotheschoolmagazine.BeforebeginningEnglishstudiesatCambridgeUniversity(havingwonascholarshipin1948),hespentmuchofhisNationalservicetimereadingandrereadingallofShakespeare.Accordingtoreport,hecouldreciteitallbyheart.AtCambridge,hespentmosttimereadingfolklore(民间传说)andYeat'spoems,andswitchedfromEnglishtoArchaeology(考古学)andAnthropology(人类学)inhisthirdyear.Hughe'sfirstbookofpoems,HawkintheRain,waspublishedin1957toimmediateacclaim(称赞；欢呼，喝彩),winningtheHarperpublicationcontest.Overthenext41years,hewouldwriteupwardsof90books,andwinnumerousprizesandfellowships.In1984,hewasappointedEngland’spoetlaureate(桂冠诗人).Hughesiswhatsomehavecalledanaturepoet.Akeen(敏锐的)countrymanandhunterfromayoungage,heviewedwritingpoemsasacontinuationofhisearlierpassion.‘Thisishuntingandthepoemisanewspeciesofcreature,anewspecimen(标本；样品)ofthelifeoutsideyourown.’Hughes'earlierpoeticworkisrootedinnatureand,inparticular,theinnocentsavageryofanimals,aninterestfromanearlyage.Hewrotefrequentlyofthemixtureofbeautyandviolenceinthenaturalworld.Animalsserveasametaphorforhisviewonlife:animalsliveoutastruggleforthesurvivalofthefittestinthesamewaythathumansstriveforascendancy(优势，支配地位)andsuccess.HawkRoostingTedHughesIsitinthetopofthewood,myeyesclosed.Inaction,nofalsifyingdreamBetweenmyhookedheadandhookedfeet:Orinsleeprehearseperfectkillsandeat.Theconvenienceofthehightrees!Theair'sbuoyancyandthesun'srayAreofadvantagetome;Andtheearth'sfaceupwardformyinspection.Myfeetarelockedupontheroughbark.IttookthewholeofCreationToproducemyfoot,myeachfeather:NowIholdCreationinmyfootOrflyup,andrevolveitallslowly-IkillwhereIpleasebecauseitisallmine.Thereisnosophistryinmybody:Mymannersaretearingoffheads-Theallotmentofdeath.FortheonepathofmyflightisdirectThroughthebonesoftheliving.Noargumentsassertmyright:Thesunisbehindme.NothinghaschangedsinceIbegan.Myeyehaspermittednochange.Iamgoingtokeepthingslikethis.栖息的鹰我坐在树的顶端，把眼睛闭上。一动也不动，在我弯弯的脑袋和弯弯的脚爪间没有弄虚作假的梦：也不在睡眠中排演完美的捕杀或吃什么。高高的树真够方便的！空气的畅通，太阳的光芒都对我有利；地球的脸朝上，任我察看。我的双脚钉在粗粝的树皮上。真得用整个造化之力才能生我这只脚、我的每根羽毛：如今我的脚控制着天地或者飞上去，慢悠悠地旋转它–我高兴时就捕杀，因为一切都是我的。我躯体里并无奥秘：我的举止就是把别个的脑袋撕下来—分配死亡。因为我飞翔的一条路线是直接穿过生物的骨骼。我的权利无须论证：太阳就在我背后。我开始以来，什么也不曾改变。我的眼睛不允许改变。我打算让世界就这样子下去。（袁可嘉译）栖息的鹰我坐在树林的最高点，闭着双眼。一动不动。从我钩状的头到我钩状的双爪，没有虚无的梦：在睡眠中，也不去演习完美的捕杀和吞食。这些高高的树木带给我的便利！空气的浮力和太阳的光线都对我有利大地面孔朝上，等着我的检阅我的双爪固定在粗糙的树皮上。上天极尽造物之能事才创造出我的爪子和每一根羽毛而今我把万物握于爪中或者凌空飞起，将这一切慢慢地转动——只要我高兴，我可以随处捕杀，因为这一切都属于我我的体内没有任何诡辩：我的习惯是撕掉那些头颅——死亡的恩典。我飞行的路线只有一条，直接贯穿那些生灵的骨骼。我的权利无须论证：太阳就在我的身后。自从我出现，就没有任何改变。我的眼睛不允许任何改变。我要让一切就这样保持下去。张文武/译•TypicalofHughesofhisdramaticmonologuespokenbyananimal.Inthispoem,Hugheswritesintheimaginedvoiceofahawk.Thehawk,inotherwords,ispersonified.Thehawk'stoneofvoiceisproud,arrogant,hethinksofhimselfasmasterofhisworld.Indeed,likeaGod,hehaspoweroverlifeanddeath.Hiswholelifeisspenteitherbeingin'sleep'orhuntingforprey.Andevenwhenheisasleephedreamsofmasteringhishuntingandkillingtechnique.Inotherwordsthen,unlikehumans,thebirdisfreeofrulesandregulations,itdoesnothavetojustifyitselftoanythingoranyone.TheanalysisofthepoemFeatures:1.Thelanguage：Languagedirectandpowerful,moresophisticatedandelegant/inaformalway/tosuitthecharacterofhawkasakinglycreature2.Thetitle:HawkRoosting《栖息的鹰》3.Notraditionalmetricalverse,neitherthefreeverse,butamixtureofthesemi-latticepoem,andsemi-freeverse.Thisisacomplexpoemandtherearemanypossibleinterpretations.SomepeoplethinkthatHughesis:1.Praisingthebird,itssingle-mindeddeterminationanditsfreedom.2.Neutral(中立)aboutthebird,andjustdescribingitobjectively.3.Usingthebirdasametaphorfortheextremestateofmindofapotentialhumankiller.e.g.WWIIMyInterpretations1.Thehawkinthepoemisveryarrogant,proudandcruel,butitisalsoveryfrankandnothypocrisyatall.2.Thehawkisverypracticalanddon’tdotheunrealisticthings.3.Therelationshipbetweenthehumanandthenature.Weshouldrespectthenature.Doyouloveit?Mayyouhaveaniceweekend!buoyancyn.浮力；（物体在液体里的）浮性sophistryn.诡辩术；诡辩allotmentn.分配；分配物；养家费；命运约克郡多山地和沼泽,气候阴冷多雨雪,是勃朗特姐妹的故乡,也是小说《呼啸山庄》(WutheringHeights)的背景地。休斯身材瘦髙,皮肤黝黑,喜欢穿黑衣服,因而被人称为希斯克里夫(Heathcliff《呼啸山庄》中的男主角)。这生活环境造就了休斯像希斯克里夫一样粗犷刚强、桀骜不逊的性格和对大自然的痴迷。出于对自然的热爱,休斯大学毕业后的两年中曾做过园林工、教师和动物园饲养员,从而进一步密切了他与自然的关系。