过去分词(好)

GrammarThePastParticiple过去分词过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式,表示完成和被动的动作。它在句子中可以充当状语、定语、表语和宾语补足语等成分。Pastparticiple若是及物动词（vt）则表示被动；动作已经完成（即先于谓语动词）若是不及物动词（vi）则只表示完成。如：abrokenglass=aglasswhichhasbeenbrokenafallenleaf=aleafwhichhasfallen(down)一.形式与含义二.过去分词的作用：Pastparticiplecanbeusedasadverbial,attribute,predicative&objectcomplement.1.过去分词做定语：表示分词动作与所修饰的名词之间存在被动关系。单一的过去分词做定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前；过去分词短语做定语放在被修饰的名词之后，过去分词及过去分词短语做定语均可以转换为一个定语从句。abrokenheart一颗破碎的心therisensun已经升起的太阳alostdog丧家之犬peopleaddictedtodrugsaschoolbuiltfororphans过去分词作定语有前置和后置两种情况:单个的过去分词作定语,通常放在被修饰的名词之前,表示被动和完成意义。1）.前置定语A.被动意义：anhonoredguest一位受尊敬的客人(受伤的工人)arenowbeingtakengoodcareofinthehospital.B.完成意义aretiredteacher一位退休的教师Theyarecleaning(落叶)intheyard.Theinjuredworkersthefallenleaves2）.后置定语过去分词短语作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词之后,它的作用相当于一个定语从句。Thiswillbethebestnovelofitskindeverwritten.=Whoweretheso-calledguestsinvited(=)toyourpartylastnight?thathaseverbeenwrittenwhohadbeeninvited如果被修饰的词是由every/some/any/no+thing/body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等时，即使一个单一的分词作形容词用，也要放在被修饰词的后面。例如：Isthereanythingunsolved?ThereisnothingchangedheresinceIleftthistown.Nothingreported(inthenewspaper)interestedhim.注意:破损的窗户很快就会被换掉。______________________willbereplacedsoon.=Thewindowwhichwasbrokenwillbereplacedsoon.昨天买的书确实不错。Thebooks_______________areofhighquality.=thebookswhichwereboughtyesterdayareofhighquality.Thebrokenwindowboughtyesterday过去分词及过去分词短语做定语均可以转换为一个含被动语态的定语从句。完成下面句子：注意现分,过分,不定式的区别1.______________(污染的)airandwaterareharmfultopeople’shealth.2.Theproblem________________（讨论的）yesterdaywasverydifficulttosolve.3.Theproblem________________(正在讨论的)nowisveryimportant.4.Theproblem________________(将讨论的)isveryimportant.Polluteddiscussedbeingdiscussedtobediscussed5.Iknowtheyoungmansleepingonthebench.(在进行)=Iknowtheyoungmanwhoissleepingonthebench.6.Thelettermailedlastnightwillreachhimtomorrow.(已完成)=Theletterwhichwasmailedlastnightwillreachhimtomorrow.Summary:不定时表示未发生或强调具体的动作。V-ing表示正在发生的动作。过去分词表示完成、被动的动作。过去分词作定语时，所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Theletterpostedyesterdaywillsoonreachhim.Theyfoundadamagedcaratthegateofthepark.Aletterpostedtodaywillreachhimthedayaftertomorrow.今天发出的信后天就能收到。过去分词短语有时亦可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号。Someofthem,bornandbroughtupincountryvillages,hadneverseenatrain.他们当中有一些人,生长在农村，从未见过火车。A.firstplayedB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayingD.tobefirstplaying①过去分词做定语与其修饰词之间是动宾关系且过去分词表示的动作已完成。②现在分词作定语表示动作正在发生，与修饰词是主谓关系。③不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作。firstplayedin776B.C.=whichwasfirstplayedin776B.C.1.TheOlympicGames,___in776B.C.didnotincludewomenplayersuntil1912.考点点拨2.What’sthelanguage___inGermany?A.speakingB.spokenC.bespokenD.tospeak简析:该题应选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句whichisspoken。3.Mostoftheartists____tothepartywerefromSouthAfrica.A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.hadbeeninvited简析:该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句whowereinvited。4.Thecomputercentre,___lastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.A.openB.openingC.havingopenedD.opened简析:该题应选D。测试过去分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词后,可以用非限制性定语从句“whichwasopenedlastyear”代替。5.Thefirsttextbooks____forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written简析:该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句whichwerewritten。2.Doyouknowthenameoftheplay___inthehallnow?A.tobeputonB.beingputonC.putonD.puttingonCBAA4.Pleasedon’tforgethim.Heisoneof_______.A.thoseinvitedB.invitedthoseC.thoseinvitingD.invitingthose3.Iborrowedabook______byMarkTwainfromthelibrarylastweek.Ilikeitverymuch.A.writtenB.writingC.waswrittenD.towrite1.Didyouattendthemeeting______yesterday?A.tobeheldB.havingbeenheldC.heldD.beingheld1).过去分词与现在分词作状语的异同过去分词表完成、被动,与主句主语之间是被动关系;现在分词表进行、主动,与主句主语之间是主动关系。如果一个被动的动作发生在谓语动词之前,则可使用现在分词的完成被动式或过去分词。2).过去分词作时间状语1.Whenitisheated,icewillbechangedintowater.Whenheated,icewillbechangedintowater.2.Whenitisseenunderamicroscope,afreshsnowflakehasadelicatesix-pointed.,afreshsnowflakehasadelicatesix-pointedshape.Seenunderamicroscope3).过去分词作原因状语1.Since/Asshewasgivenadvicebythefamousdetective,theyoungladywasnolongerafraid.Givenadvicebythefamousdetective,theyoungladywasnolongerafraid.2.Becauseitwasdoneinahurry,hishomeworkwasfullofmistakes._________________,hishomeworkwasfullofmistakes.Doneinahurry4)过去分词作条件状语1.Iftheyhadbeengivenmoreattention,thecabbagescouldhavegrownbetter.___________________,thecabbagescouldhavegrownbetter.Givenmoreattention2.IfIamcomparedwithyou,westillhavealongwaytogo._________________,westillhavealongwaytogo.Comparedwithyou5).作方式或伴随情况状语1.Thehunterlefthishouse,followedbyhisdog.Thehunterlefthishouse,andhewasfollowedbyhisdog.2.Shesatbythewindow,lostinthought.Shesatbythewindow,andshewaslostinthought.1)过去分词在句子中可以作时间状语、原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语和让步状语等。2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词的逻辑主语与句子主语有动宾关系。Summary过去分词作状语:过去分词有两大特点：1.表示被动的动作；2.表示已经完成的动作。因此,当过去分词作状语的时候一定要记清楚过去分词与主语的关系是被动,例如:Rewritewithproperconjunctions1.Unitedwestand,dividedwefail.Ifweareunited,wewillstand,butifwearedivided,wewillfail.Example:2.Askedwhathadhappened,hetoldusaboutit.→Whenhewasaskedwhathadhappened,hetoldusaboutit.3.Wellknownforhisexpertadvice,hereceivedmanyinvitationstogivelectures.→Becausehewaswellknownforhisexpertadvice,hereceivedmanyinvitationstogivelecture