6-Deixis-第六单元-指称语

Unit6Deixis指示语Contents6.1Theencodingofcontext6.2Deixis:typesandproperties6.3Persondeixis6.4Placedeixisandtimedeixis6.5Socialdeixisanddiscoursedeixis6.1TheencodingofcontextWhatiscontext?语境6.1Theencodingofcontext(1)Findthefirstunderstandingaboutcontextinthetextbook.e.g.Thehamburgerdidn’torderonion,Kate.6.1Theencodingofcontext(2)Findthesecondunderstandingaboutcontextinthetextbook.e.g.Tang:DoyouknowNanjingwell?Wang:IhaveneverbeentoJiangsu.6.1Theencodingofcontext(3)Findthethirdunderstandingaboutcontextinthetextbook.e.g.Speaklouder,please.There’renearlyonehundredpeoplehere.6.1TheencodingofcontextAlltheseunderstandingsaboutcontextshareonebasicconception:Itissomething“external”inthesensethatitisnotanintegralpartofthelanguagetobeinterpreted.6.1TheencodingofcontextHowever,suchaconceptionissomewhatsimplisticbecauselanguageuseisvirtuallyinseparablefromitscontext.e.g.Thisandthis,areyours.That’smine.6.1Theencodingofcontexte.g.Thisandthis,areyours.That’smine.Thelanguageforms“this”,“yours”,“that”and“mine”arenotablydeicticsorindexicals(ordeicticorindexicalexpressions)(指示语，指别表达)whosereferentsareidentifiableonlyinthecontextconcerned.Theypointtoaphenomenonoflanguageusecalleddeixis.6.2Deixis:typesandpropertiesFivetypes:persondeixis,e.g.I,youplacedeixis,e.g.here,thisplacetimedeixis,e.g.now,thismorningsocialdeixis,e.g.vousinFrench（您）discoursedeixis,e.g.thischapter/section/paragraph6.2Deixis:typesandpropertiesProperties:(1)Deicticexpressionscanbeusedgesturally,i.e.accompaniedbysomegesture(s)andrequiringmoment-by-momentmonitoringofthespeechevent.6.2Deixis:typesandpropertiesProperties:(2)Deicticexpressionscanbeusedsymbolically,i.e.referringtosomegeneralentityaccessibletotheinterlocutor,existingpriortotheutterance,andusuallyrequiringonlyknowledgeofthebasicspatial-temporalparametersofthespeechevent.6.2Deixis:typesandpropertiesProperties:(3)Deixisisalsocharacterizedbyegocentricity(自我中心特性).Specifically,deicticexpressionsareanchoredtospecificpointsinthecommunicativeevent.Thesepointsarecalledthedeicticcentersandtypicallyassumedtobeasfollows:(p.83)6.2Deixis:typesandpropertiesThelinguisticformsusedinthedeicticfunctionarepronouns,demonstratives,timeandplaceadverbs,andsomegrammaticalcategoriessuchastense.Someofthemmaybeusednon-deictically.(seethetextbook)6.3Persondeixis人称指示语Mainlyrealizedbypersonalpronouns,relatestotheroleofparticipantsinthespeecheventinwhichtheutteranceinquestionisdelivered.6.3PersondeixisTwodimensionsofdistinctionarecommon:onebasedonthedistinctionofparticipantroles,andtheotherbasedonthedistinctionofnumber.e.g.“we”canbeusedinthefollowingthreeways(checkthetextbook)6.4PlacedeixisandtimedeixisPlacedeixis(方位指示语)concernstheencodingofspatiallocationrelativetothelocationoftheparticipantsinthespeechevent.Threetypesofplacedeixis:6.4PlacedeixisandtimedeixisTimedeixisconcernstheencodingoftemporalpointsandspansrelativetothetimeatwhichanutteranceisspoken.Timedeixishasanobviouspreemptiveusage(先用原则，优先使用原则).Specifically,deicticexpressionsoftimearegenerallyusedpriortonon-deicticexpressionsoftime.6.4PlacedeixisandtimedeixisInnon-face-to-facecommunication,theegocentricityoftimedeixismaybeviolated.Specifically,deicticexpressionsoftimemaybeusedinsuchawayastoshiftthedeicticcenterfromthefirst-personaddressertotheaddresseeorathirdperson.Thisiscalleddeicticprojection(指称投射).6.4Placedeixisandtimedeixis一般情况下指示语的指示中心以说话人“自我”为中心,这是无需特别标明的指示参照点。但有时说话人会把指示中心从“自我”转到听话人或其他听众身上,或者在叙述文中指示中心从语言的真实生产者(如作者本人)转移到故事的某个角色身上,或转移到隐藏在幕后虚构的叙述者身上。Lyons把这种现象称为指示语映射现象(deicticprojection)。（张静2004：112）6.5SocialdeixisanddiscoursedeixisSocialdeixis(社会指示语)concernstheuseofdeictictermsthatindicatesocialstatusoftheparticipantsinthediscourseandtheirrelations.Languagedifferconsiderablyintheemploymentofsocialdeixis.6.5SocialdeixisanddiscoursedeixisDiscoursedeixis(语篇指示语),alsocalledtextualdeixis,concernstheuseofsomeexpressionsthatencodereferencetoacertainportionoftheunfoldingdiscoursecontainingthecurrentutterance(whichincludesthetext-referringexpression).6.5SocialdeixisanddiscoursedeixisTheseexpressionscanbeasinglewordlikenextorthen,oraphrasecomposedofawordlikelastandnextplusawordlikesectionandchapter(asshowninthelastchapter)。Time-andplace-deicticexpressionsareoftenfoundinusefordiscourse-deicticpurposes.6.5SocialdeixisanddiscoursedeixisThedistinctionbetweendiscoursedeixisandanaphora.Intheformercase,areferringexpressioncontainingadiscoursedeicticwordreferstoaportionofdiscourse;inthelattercase,areferringexpression(usuallyrealizedasapronoun)referstothesameentityasapriorlinguisticexpressiondoes.(seethetextbook)