Shakespeare莎士比亚文学作品介绍(英文)

WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)154sonnets十四行诗2longpoems37playsTragediesComediesHistoryplaysTragi-comediesShakespeare’sWorksHISTRAGEDIESamongthemostpowerfulstudiesofhumannatureinallliteratureappropriatelyasthegreatestachievementsofhisdramaticartistryhisunforgettabletragiccharacters,suchasRomeoandJuliet,Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,andMacbethFourGreatTragediesHamlet(1601)哈姆雷特Othello(1604)奥赛罗KingLear(1605)李尔王Macbeth(1606)麦克白HISCOMEDIESHiscomediescelebratehumansociallifeevenastheyexposehumanfolly（stupid）.Bymeansthataresometimeshumiliating（degrade）,evenpainful,characterslearngreaterwisdomandemergewithaclearerviewofreality.Tragediesbeginhappilyandendinmisery.Comedies,ontheotherhand,begininmiseryandendhappily.Well-knownComediesTheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人AMidsummerNight’sDream仲夏夜之梦TwelfthNight第十二夜AsYouLikeIt皆大欢喜All’sWellThatEndsWell终成眷属MuchAdoaboutNothing无事生非Histories2HenryVI3HenryVI1HenryVIRichardIIIRichardIIKingJohn1HenryIV2HenryIVHenryVHenryVIIIHisHistoryPlaysHistoryplays（sometimesknownaschronicleplays）----ahighlypopularformofdramainShakespeare’stime.Shakespeare’sPoetryPoetryVenusandAdonisTheRapeofLucreceSonnets`ALover'sComplaint'ThePassionatePilgrimThePhoenixandTheTurtleShakespearewrotein“EarlyModernEnglish.”EMEwasnotverydifferentfrom“ModernEnglish,”Shakespeare’sLanguageAmixofoldandverynewRuralandurbanwords/imagesUnderstandablebythelowestpeasantandthehighestnobleShakespeare’sLanguageThou=you(主格）Thy=your（物主代词）Thee=you（宾格）Warming-upMatchthemeaningwiththequotationandtheplay.“Words,words,onlywords,nomatterfromtheheart”Meaning:Emptywords,notrealthoughtsorideasfromtheheart.空话,空话,只是空话,没有一点发自内心.Romeo,Romeo,whyareyouRomeo?Denyyourfather,andrefuseyourname…罗密欧,罗密欧,你为什么是罗密欧?否定你的父亲放弃你的姓氏.VersionInmodernEnglish“Neitheraborrowernoralenderbe”Meaning:Itisbestnottolend(money)toothersandnottoborrowfromothers.Whenwelendsth,werisklosingboththethingwelendandthefriendshipwiththeotherperson.别借债,莫放债.Uneasyliestheheadthatwearsacrown.Meaning:Apersonwhohasgreatresponsibility,suchasaking,isconstantlyworriedandthereforedoesn’tsleepsoundly.头戴王冠,寝食不安.“Tobeornottobe:thatisthequestion”Meaning:Thatisaquestionwhethertoliveoninthisworldortodie,thatis,totakeactionortodonothing.生存还是毁灭,这是个问题.WilliamShakespeare–Alltheworld'saStage(fromAsYouLikeIt))Alltheworld'sastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers:Theyhavetheirexitsandtheirentrances;Andonemaninhistimeplaysmanyparts,Hisactsbeingsevenages.全世界是个舞台，男男女女只是演员而已，他们都有其退场和登场，人生在世扮演着多种角色，它的表演有七个时期。“Life’sbutawalkingshadow;apoorplayer,Thatstrutsandfretshishouruponthestage,Andisheardofnomore:itisataleToldbyanidiot,fullofsoundandfury,Signifyingnothing.”-MacbethActV;s.5人生不过是一个行走的影子，一个在舞台上指手划脚的笨拙的怜人，登场片刻，便在无声无息中悄然退去，这是一个愚人所讲的故事，充满了喧哗和骚动，却一无所指。《麦克白》InfluenceShakespeare’sworkhasmadealastingimpressiononlatertheatreandliterature.HiswritingiswidelyregardedasoneofthethreemainsourcesoftheEnglishliterature,whiletheothertwoareGreekandRomanmythsandtheBible.InShakespeare’sday,Englishgrammarandspellingwerelessstandardisedthantheyarenow,andhisuseoflanguagehelpedshapemodernEnglish.BenJonsondedicated（devoted）apoeminpraiseofShakespeare我的莎士比亚，起来吧。我不想把你安置在乔叟、斯宾塞的身旁，或者叫波蒙特躺过去一点，给你让出些地方。即使没有墓，你也是一块丰碑，你仍然活着，只要你的书还在，只要我们会读书，我们会说出赞词。……自豪吧，我的不列颠，你拿的出一个人，欧洲所有剧坛都向他致敬。他不只属于一个时代，而是属于永远。TheCostofaShow1shillingtostand2shillingstositinthebalcony1shillingwas10%oftheirweeklyincomeActorsOnlymenandboysYoungboyswhosevoiceshadnotchangedplaywomen’srolesWouldhavebeenconsideredindecentforawomantoappearonstageCostumeswereoftenthecompany’smostvaluableassetCostumesweremadebythecompany,boughtinLondon,ordonatedbycourtiersTheGlobeTheaterTheevidencesuggeststhatitwasathree-storey,open-airamphitheatreapproximately100feet(30m)indiameterthatcouldhouseupto3,000spectators.TheGlobeTheatre–Shakespeare’sMostSuccessfulFinancialVentureCalledthe“WoodenO”becauseofitseightsidedshape.Stayedinbusinessbecauseofthefavoroftheroyaltyofthetime•--Softyounow!ThefairOphelia!Nymph,inthy(your)orisonsBeallmysinsremember'd.---Hamlet且慢！美丽的奥菲利娅！——女神，在你的祈祷之中，不要忘记替我忏悔我的罪孽。HamletThePrinceofDenmark,thetitlecharacter,andtheprotagonist.Aboutthirtyyearsoldatthestartoftheplay,thesonofQueenGertrudeandthelateKingHamlet,thenephewofthepresentking,Claudius.Hamlet’ssoliloquyForsuchafigureasHamlet,soliloquyisanaturalmedium,anecessaryreleaseofhisanguish;andsomeofhisquestioningmonologuespossesssurpassingpowerandinsight,whichhavesurvivedcenturiesofbeingtornfromtheircontext.HowmanysoliloquiesdoesHamletdeliver?Hamlethassevenmajorsoliloquies:Othatthistootoosulliedfleshwouldmelt(1.2.129-159)Oallyouhostofheaven!Oearth!whatelse?(1.5.92-111)OwhatarogueandpeasantslaveamI!(2.2.549-607)Tobe,ornottobe,thatisthequestion(3.1.56-89)Tisnowtheverywitchingtimeofnight(3.3.380-392)NowmightIdoitpat,nowa'isa-praying(3.3.73-96)Howalloccasionsdoinformagainstme(4.4.32-66)Tobe,ornottobe:thatisthequestion:Whether’tisnoblerinthemindtosufferTheslingsandarrowsofoutrageousfortuneOrtotakearmsagainstaseaoftroubles,Andbyopposingendthem?—Todie,—tosleep,—Nomore;andbyasleeptosayweendThehear