Development by cause-and-effect

6.CauseandEffectTeachingAims:•1.Typesof“CauseandEffect”paragraph•2.Usefulexpressions•3.Samples•4.Quiz1.Types•Readandanalyzethetwosamplesinthetextbookandtellwhattypeofparagraphtheybelongtoandhowtheauthorarrangetheorderofthecausesandeffects.Sample1Newwords:•recordcompany唱片公司•version版本,形式•botherdoingsth.费心•Beethoven贝多芬•symphony交响乐•available可利用的,可得到的Sample2Newwords:•PuertoRican波多黎各•emigrate移居,移民•apartment一套公寓房间•damp潮湿的•undesirable不受欢迎的,不良的,不合意的,讨厌的•:•(1)Onecause,manyeffects•(2)Oneeffect,manycauses•(3)Onecause,oneeffect•(3)Manycauses,manyeffects2.Usefulexpressions:•Cause:Because,since,asowingto,becauseof,asaresultof,Thereareseveralreasonswhy,Thereasonsfor…are…Thereasonswhy…areasfollows:…,…istheresultof,iscausedby,isdueto,etc.•Effect:So,therefore,hence,thus,consequently,forthisreason,toleadto,tocause,toproduce,tobringabout,toresultin,toresultfrom,tobedueto,tobecausedby,inviewof,asaresult,hasanimpacton…etc.Theusesofthesignalwords•Heforgottoturnontheradioandthusmissedtheprogram.•Itisverylate;henceyoumustgotobed.•Handmadeandhenceexpensive/thehighprice.•Thetwocountrieswereonthepointofwarduetothediplomaticdisputes.•Duetocircumstancesbeyondourcontrolthelecturewascancelled.•Itfollowsthatifyouworkhard,youwillsucceed.•Hewasaskedtoleavetheplaceandaccordinglyhewent.•Itrainedyesterdayandinconsequencethematchwascanceled.•NowthatIamfree,Icanenjoymusicforawhile.•Theiranxietywassuchthattheycouldnotsleep.•Thankstothebadweather,thematchhadbeencancelled.•Thankstohiseffort,itismoresuccessfulthanwehaveexpected.•Seeingthatit'sraininghard,thefetewillprobablybecancelled.•Hetoldustokeepquietforfearthatwemightdisturbothers.•Shefailedtomeasuretheeffectofheractionsonherfamily.•Thisenvironmentaleffectofthisnewfactorycouldbedisastrous.•Suchamistakewouldperhapsleadto/resultindisastrousconsequences.•Spaceshipmakeitpossibletotraveltothemoon.Sample1ThereareseveralreasonswhysomanypeopleattendtheOlympicgamesorwatchthemontelevision.Onereasonistradition.ThenameOlympicsandthetorchandflameremindpeopleoftheancientgames.PeoplecanescapetheordinarinessofdailylifebyattendingorwatchingtheOlympics.Theyliketoidentifywithsomeoneelse'sindividualsacrificeandaccomplishment.Nationalprideisanotherreason,andanathlete'sorateam'shardearnedvictorybecomesanation'svictory.Therearenationalmedalcountsandpeoplekeeptrackofhowmanymedalstheircountry’sathleteshavewon.(Type:Oneeffect,manycauses)3.Samples:Sample2•Duringholidays,thetrafficinbigcitiesisalwaysparticularlyheavy.Thisismainlybecausemostcitizensdonothavetoworkinthesedaysandtheyridetheirbicyclestothestreetstodoshopping.Farmersinthecountryalsofloodintothecitiesbybusorbytheirownmotorcycles.Thestreetsarefullofbuses,taxicabs,trolleybuses,minibusesandpedestrians.Thestreetsseemnarrower.Asaresult,trafficjamsoftenoccur.•(Type:Oneeffect,manycauses)Sample3Inflationisaneconomicconditioninwhichpricesforconsumergoodsincrease,andthevalueofmoneyorpurchasingpowerdecreases.Therearethreeimportantcausesofinflation.Thefirstandmostimportantcausemaybeexcessivegovernmentspending.Forexample,inordertofinanceawarorcarryoutsocialprograms,thegovernmentmayspendmoremoneythanithasreceivedthroughtaxesandotherrevenue,thuscreatingadeficit.Inordertooffsetthisdeficit,theTreasuryDepartmentcansimplyexpandthemoneysupplybyissuingmorepapermoneytomeetthedebtsofgovernment.Thisincreaseinthemoneysupplywillcausethevalueofthedollartoautomaticallydecrease.Thesecondcauseofinflationoccurswhenthemoneysupplyincreasesfasterthanthesupplyofgoods.Ifpeoplehavemoremoney,theywillrunouttobuypopulargoodsliketelevisionsandcomputers,forexample,andashortagewillresult.Industrywillthenproducemore,athigherprices,tosatisfydemand.Furthermore,ifpeoplethinkthatthepricesofpopulargoodsaregoingup,theywillbuyandevenborrowmoneyathighinterestratestopayforthem.Finally,iflaborunionsdemandthatworkers’wagesbeincreasedtocoverthehighcostofliving,industrywillmeetthisdemandandaddothercostsofproductionontotheconsumer.Insummary,allofthesecausescancreateinflationaryproblemsthatcanaffectthewelfareofanation.However,ofthesethreecauses,excessivegovernmentspendingmaybethemostimportant.•(Type:Oneeffect,manycauses)TheEffectsofEatingTooMuchSugarSeveralyearsago,mostpeoplethoughtthatsugarwasarelativelyharmlesssweetenerwhichgaveapleasanttasteandprovidedasmallamountofenergy.Therewaslittleconcernabouttheeffectsofeatingsugar.Butinrecentyearsourconsumptionofsugarhasincreasedtremendously.Inaddition,someunpleasantandseriouseffectsofeatingsomuchsugarhaverisen.Asthechartshowsthatexcessiveconsumptionofsugarcancontributetobloodsugarimbalanceandweightgain.Oneofthemajoreffectsofeating…Italsobringsabout…Finally,there’snodenyingthefactthat…(Type:Manyeffectswithonecause)Quiz•Writeaparagraphofcauseandeffectonthefollowingtopicbelowusingeithercertaincauseandeffectpattern.Wordlimit:nomorethan120words.Topic:TheCausesofOverpopulationOr:TheEffectsofOverpopulationSample1:CausesofOverpopulation•DeclineintheDeathRate:Thefallindeathr