托福精品写作PPT

托福写作综合写作简介考生先阅读一篇短文，大约250－300字，时间限制为3分钟。3分钟时间到了，文章隐去，接着播放一段与文章相关的教授讲课。讲课一定反驳阅读文章中的论点。随后考生在20分钟内写一篇作文，这时先前隐去的文章会再出现，考生可参考。字数要求为150－225字之间。综合写作必备的四种能力阅读理解能力听力，记忆力笔记能力转述能力Reading阅读与听力材料的关系结构完全对应关键词完全对应结论完全相反Reading与listening的关系ReadingDJ是各个方面不错的人。见过她的人都说她首先长相就好。她的父亲母亲都是长相俊美的人，祖上的基因好，自然生的孩子长相好。第二，DJ身材好，她长期以来一直坚持打篮球和踢足球的健身习惯，久而久之养出好身材。第三，她还是一个心灵好的人。背老人过马路是她常做的好事。Reading与listening的关系ListeningDJ在各个方面都是不好的。首先她的长相就有很大问题。她的脸曾经在去年的一次爬山攀岩活动中被摔伤过，留下了疤痕，基本上不能被称作为美女了。而且说她身材好也是不符合实际情况的。了解她的人都知道，她从来不喜欢球类游戏，从来没见她打过篮球、踢过足球。最后，她背老人过马路也都是没有依据的。现代社会，即使有老人行动不便，一般都有轮椅辅助，哪里还需要别人背着过马路呢？Listening“潜规则”－－LISAN原则Lead-引导，而非被引导Ideas-主要观点SignalWordsActiveListenerNoteTaking根据阅读材料预测结论，分论点1.主题句2.被解释的词3.问题与答案4.例子（只记举例原因和举例对象）SignalWords1.转折与对比however/but/insteadonethecontrary...incontrastwith...neverthelessratherthan...bycontrastontheotherhand2.强调Rememberthat...Andmostimportantisthat...Amajordevelopmentisthat...Thebasicconcepthereis...Theimportantideais...SignalWords3.例证forexampleasanexampleforinstanceAisanexampleofBthatis/namelyTogiveaspecificexample4.提示观点，递进inaddition/furthermoreinthesamemanneranotherreasonis...thatbringsusto...whatIwanttotalkaboutisthat...SignalWords5.发表意见accordingto...personallyinmyopinion6.下结论allinallinsum/insummaryinconclusioninconsequence/consequentlyfinallytherefore/henceNoteTakingReadingListeningRightLeftScratchPaper折线ConclusionEvidence1Evidence3Evidence2SupportingexampleSupportingexampleSupportingexample.........ConclusionEvidence1Evidence3Evidence2SupportingexampleSupportingexampleSupportingexample.........ReadingListening转述能力－paraphrase概括总结summarize－－选取KeyWords--MainIdea,Evidences,Examples添枝加叶paraphrase－－“改头换面”--单词替换，结构替换单词替换三大原则－－简单原则；灵活原则；“有所为有所不为”原则原文：Publishmentcouldbebrutalandsevere,andsometimesreligiouspassionswereexpressedviolentlywithaviewtowardsavingthechild’ssoul.参考意译：Publishmentcouldbecruelandharsh,andsometimesstrongreligiousfeelingswereexpressedinanextremewaywiththeaimtosavethechild’ssoul.结构替换原文：Studentsfrequentlyoverusedirectquotationintakingnotes,andasaresulttheyoverusequotationsinthefinalresearchpaper(1).Probablyonlyabout10%ofyourfinalmanuscriptshouldappearasdirectlyquotedmatter.Therefore,youshouldstrivetolimittheamountofexacttranscribingofsourcematerialswhiletakingnotes(2).(Lester,JamesD.WritingResearchPapers.2nded.(1976):46-47)参考意译Inresearchpapersstudentsoftenquoteexcessively,failingtokeepquotedmaterialdowntoadesirablelevel.Sincetheproblemusuallyoriginatesduringnotetaking,itisessentialtominimizethematerialrecordedverbatim(Lester46-47).译意与剽窃例1：Thinkinglikeawriteralsomeansfiguringouthowtobesuccessfulindifferentkindsofsituations.(TakenfromLynnTroyka’sQuickAccess,5thedition,page3)意译1：AccordingtoTroyka,thinkingsimilartoanauthormeansthatyouneedtofigureouthowtodowellinotherinstances.意译2：AccordingtoTroyka,youhavetobeabletodealeffectivelywithmanydifferent“situations”ifyouwanttoadoptawriter’smindset.译意与剽窃例2：Alargecompanyhasannouncedthatitwishestobuildalargefactorynearthecommunity.意译1：Alargefactoryisgoingtobebuiltnearthecommunitybyalargecompany.意译2：Alargefactoryissupposedtobebuiltnearthecommunityaccordingtotheannouncementissuedbyalargecompany.综合写作用词套路转述指代：阅读：theauthor/thepassage/thereading讲座：thespeaker/thelecturer/theprofessor/thelecture/thespeech综合写作用词套路指代阅读文章抽象名词原因：reason/causes/basis/ground/motive/motivation例证：example/instance解释：explanation/account证据：evidence/data/fact/proof/basis/foundation描述：definition/description/clarification假设：assumption/postulation/hypothesis/conjecture结论：conclusion/belief/idea/opinion/judgment/view/notion/argument/theory议题：issue/matter/topic/problem/subject/concern陈述细节：statement/point/subject/concern利益改善：benefit/advantage/improvement综合写作用词套路研究调查：(further/closer/other)studies/researches发明发现：(new)finding/discovery其他解释：alternativeexplanation/theory反方证据：counter-example/evidence质疑驳斥：challenge/objection/refutation断言声称：allegation/claim/assertion控诉反驳：charge/objection/refutation评论解释：remark/comment错误缺陷：fault/weakness/mistake/error对比关系词•动词类：refute\challenge\doubt\deny\rebut\counter\castdoubton\contradict\oppose\objectto\disagreewith\disapproveof•形容词短语类：becontradictory\conflicting\opposing\contrary\oppositeto\differentfrom•副词短语类：incontrast\conversely\however\actually\infact\indeed•连词类：while\whereas支持关系词支持：assert/sustain/strengthen/bolster/fortify讨论：discuss/examine/investigate/reexamine/findthat/raisetheissuethat/stronglythinkthat/claim/maintain/argue/state/talkabout/present/show/pointout/illustrate/demonstrate综合写作魔板开头段落•Thelecturecompletelyrefutesthepointsmadeinthereading.（表明两者关系）•Theprofessordiscusses…+句子(一级观点)，whichdiffersfromthemainideainthereading.•主体段落的句型•1.Contrarytothebeliefinthepassagethat…theprofessorsaysthat…•2.Theprofessorrefutestheviewpointshowedinthepassagethat…bysayingthat…•3.Thelecturecontradicts\refutes\iscontraryto\istheoppositeoftheideainthereading(bysayingthat…)Thelecturebelievedthat…Thematerialsaidthat…去掉bysayingthat则只表明两者关系•4.Theprofessormadethepointthat…Thereading,incontrast,heldadifferentviewbystatingthat…•5.Thelisteningmaterialcontradictsthereadingmaterialregardingtheissu