空中领航学(E-05)

AirNavigation空中领航学1飞行学院北京航空航天大学飞行学院AirNavigation课件制作课程讲授王惠民AirNavigation空中领航学2飞行学院Chapter5VisualNavigationProceduresBasicProceduresYouraimistonavigateeffectivelyandwithminimuminterruptiontothemaintaskofflyingtheaeroplanesafely.Toachievethis,youmustbecompetentat:AirNavigation空中领航学3飞行学院•flightplanning；Successfulnavigationstartswithproperpre-flightplanning.•mapreading,whichmeansdeterminingyourpositionoverthegroundbycomparingthegroundfeatureswiththosemarkedonthechart；•usingradionavigationaidstoassistandconfirmyourmapreading;AirNavigation空中领航学4飞行学院•makingcorrectiontoyourtracksoastoregainyourplannedtrackandreachyourdestination;and•usingdeadreckoning(DR)tobackupyourothervisualnavigationmethods.AirNavigation空中领航学5飞行学院•flyingaccurateheading(byreferencetotheheadingindicatorandtotheground);and•periodicallyidentifylandmarksandfixyourposition.Fornormalenroutenavigation:AirNavigation空中领航学6飞行学院Afixisthegeographicalpositionofanaircraftataspecifictime,determinedbyvisualreferencetothesurfaceoftheearth(avisualfixorpinpoint),orbyradionavigationaids(aradiofix).Symbolsusedforplotting.AirNavigation空中领航学7飞行学院EffectofWindonNavigationAccuracyOurnavigationcalculationsareplannedtocompensateforwindeffect.Theforecastwindweusewillalmostcertainlynotbethesameastheactualwindexperiencedinflight.Effectontrack.EffectonETI.AirNavigation空中领航学8飞行学院Themostimportantwaytokeepin-flightnavigationworkloadtoaminimumistobethoroughinyourpreflightpreparation(flightplanning).Forin-flightnavigation,concentrateonthefollowing:•simplementalcalculations;and•simpleflightcomputeroperations.Thiswillallowyoutomodifytheheadingsandestimatedtimeintervalswithouttoomuch‘head-down’work.AirNavigation空中领航学9飞行学院AirmanshipfortheVisualPilot•aimtoobtainafixevery10to15minifpossibleandupdateyourheadingsandETAs;•setthecorrectpowerandmaintainaltitude;•scantherelevantinstrumentsinasystematicmanner;•trimtheaeroplanecorrectly;•organiseandkeepthepaperworkneatandaccessible;•maintainagoodlookoutoutsidethecockpit;•observecontinuallyweatherconditionsinalldirections;and•takeappropriateactiontoavoidhazardousconditions.AirNavigation空中领航学10飞行学院Carryoutenroutechecksofthefollowingevery10to15min:•magneticcompassandheadingindicatoralignment;•engineinstruments;•electricalandothersystems;and•aeroplaneperformance,includingfuelmanagement.AirNavigation空中领航学11飞行学院Itissoundpracticetosticktoadefinitecycleofcockpitactivitywhennavigatinganaeroplane.Thechecksincommonusageingeneralaviation:CCompassLLogEEngineAAltitudeRRadioOOrientationFFuelSafetyCheckAirNavigation空中领航学12飞行学院RoutineIn-flightNavigationDepartureProceduresYoumustensurethatthedirectionalgyroisalignedwiththemagneticcompasspriortocommencingthetake-offrun,andthatboththecompassandthedirectionalgyroagreeatleastapproximatelywithrunwaydirection.RoutineIn-flightNavigationAirNavigation空中领航学13飞行学院Themethodofdeparturefromanaerodromewilldependuponthecircuitdirectionandthetypeofaerodrome.Method1:TurningintheDirectionoftheCircuitSettingheadingfromoverheadanaerodrome.AirNavigation空中领航学14飞行学院Method2:ClimbingStraightAheadto3nm/1,500ftAALEnroutedeparturewithestimationofATD.AirNavigation空中领航学15飞行学院LoggingDeparture•logtheactualtimeofdeparture(ATD)intheflightlogorontheWAC/VNC,andinserttheETAsforallturningpoint;•CheckthattheETAatthefinaldestinationisatleast10minpriortolastlight;andthen•Makeadeparturereportbyradio,ifrequired.LoggingDepartureAirNavigation空中领航学16飞行学院CheckingDepartureTrackDuringflightplanningandcertainlypriortoeverydeparture,endeavourtoselectsomesuitableenroutegroundfeature,ifpossible,within10to15nmofthedepartureaerodrome,thatmaybeusedtoconfirmthattheaeroplaneisestablishedontrackandheadingintherightdirection.AirNavigation空中领航学17飞行学院Onreachingtheselectedorclearedcruiselevel,dothefollowing:•checkthatareaQNHissetonthealtimetersubscale;•setcruisepower,andtrimtheaeroplane;and•onceagaincarryoutCLEAROFcheckassoonaspossible(inparticular,thealignmentofthedirectionalgyrowiththemagneticcompassshouldbechecked).CruiseProceduresAirNavigation空中领航学18飞行学院Obtainacheckongroundspeedandtrackingearlyinthecruise.CarryoutCLEAROFchecksatcheckpointsandturningpoints.C:Compass;L:Log;E:Engine;A:Altitude;R:Radio;O:Orientation:F:FuelAirNavigation空中领航学19飞行学院DescentProceduresAnaircraftoperatingincontrolledairspacemaybeaskedbyATCtonominateadescentpoint,Anypilotshouldbeabletocalculateadescentpointtobringanaircraftoverthetoofadestinationaerodromeattheplannedaltitude.Calculationofdescenttime,descentrate,anddescentpoint.DescentProceduresAirNavigation空中领航学20飞行学院MapReadingSelectionofCheckpointFeaturesTomakethemap-readingtaskeasier,selectlandmarksandcheckpointsthatcanbeeasilyidentified,andwhichwillbewithinyourrangeofvisibilitywhenyoupassbythem.Onegoodcheckpointevery10to15minissufficient.Preferably,thefeatureshouldbeuniquetotheareasothatitcannotbeconfusedwithanothernearbysimilarfeature.Afeaturethatislongandnarrowisoftenuseful.AirNavigation空中领航学21飞行学院Linearfeaturescangreatlyassistvisualnavigation.AirNavigation空中领航学22飞行学院Anticipatetheappearanceoftheselectedcheckfeatureatadefinitetime.Mapreadingmustb