全息谱分析方法的原理和应用_屈梁生

认识托福阅读——考什么？Readingmeasurestheabilitytounderstandacademicreadingmatter准确、迅速把握关键信息的能力托福阅读考试简介四项中的第一项，一般考3篇文章（如果加试，则是4篇）。文章一般为议论文或说明文，每篇700词左右，之后有13-14道题目。除特殊说明（如最后一大题）之外，所有题目小分值为1分，三篇总体小分值45分，最终成绩按照30分标准分换算，换算标准如下图所示。认识托福阅读——怎么考？词汇句子理解句间关系文章结构托福阅读是以句子为核心的考试(单词+句法)词汇题指代题事实信息题（细节题）否定事实信息题（选非题）句子简化题推断题修辞目的题（作者意图题）句子插入题文章小结题/图表题考查重点十大题型词汇题出题方式Theword“X”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto…考查关键理解单词在语境中的含义词汇量要求8000+背单词！！！词汇题做法背单词！！！不会背背了忘，忘了背，循环往复在文章里，它认得我，我不认得它词根词缀各种联想（谐音，图像，多个单词编段子）一次大量，多次重复词以类记美剧、电影情景记忆SkeletonSkullFossilfossilizeStrataSedimentSpineInvertebrateCold-bloodedWarm-blooded……PotteryPorcelainCeramicsPotWareVesselSculptureSurfaceGlazePigmentOreKiln词汇题解题技巧认识1.直接选+带回文章确认2.选不出通过词义褒贬色彩判断+带回文章确认不认识1.词根词缀2.回文章找同、反义对应认识——褒义色彩TPO1-2-1.Theword“championed”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○changed○debated○created○supported认识——褒义色彩TPO1-2-1.Theword“championed”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○changed○debated○created○supported认识——贬义色彩TPO3-3-10.Theword“pales”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○increasesproportionally○differs○losessignificance○iscommon认识——贬义色彩TPO3-3-10.Theword“pales”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○increasesproportionally○differs○losessignificance○iscommon词根词缀TPO1-1-7.Theword“overlie”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○cover○change○separate○surround词根词缀TPO1-1-7.Theword“overlie”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○cover○change○separate○surroundover在上面lie躺着覆盖同义概念TPO3-3-1.Theword“particular”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○natural○final○specific○complexandtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.同义概念TPO3-3-1.Theword“particular”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○natural○final○specific○complexandtheirparticularstructuredependsonthespecifichistoryofthearea.反义概念TPO6-3-2.Theword“plausible”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○flexible○believable○debatable○predictableAnotherseeminglyplausibleexplanation—thatinfantsdonotformenduringmemoriesatthispointindevelopment—alsoisincorrect.反义概念TPO6-3-2.Theword“plausible”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○flexible○believable○debatable○predictableAnotherseeminglyplausibleexplanation—thatinfantsdonotformenduringmemoriesatthispointindevelopment—alsoisincorrect.指代题出题方式Theword“X”inthepassagerefersto…考查关键单词间的指代关系，尤其是代词与其指代本体间的关系，（对长难句主干的把握）应对技巧往前找，两个一致1.数量——单、复数2.性质——动作发出者的特性非代词TPO1-1-5.Thephrase“glacialoutwash”inthepassagerefersto○fastrivers○glaciers○thehugevolumesofwatercreatedbyglacialmelting○theparticlescarriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciers-Thewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles,gravel,andsand,knownasglacialoutwash,thatdeposited…-particles—sandgrainsandtinypebbles非代词TPO1-1-5.Thephrase“glacialoutwash”inthepassagerefersto○fastrivers○glaciers○thehugevolumesofwatercreatedbyglacialmelting○theparticlescarriedinwaterfrommeltingglaciers-Thewaterwasalwaysladenwithpebbles,gravel,andsand,knownasglacialoutwash-particles—sandgrainsandtinypebbles代词TPO1-2-5.Theword“this”inthepassagerefersto○theactingoutofrites○thedivorceofritualperformersfromtherestofsociety○theseparationofmythsfromrites○thecelebrationofsupernaturalforcesButthemythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroup’soraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.Whenthisoccurs…代词TPO1-2-5.Theword“this”inthepassagerefersto○theactingoutofrites○thedivorceofritualperformersfromtherestofsociety○theseparationofmythsfromrites○thecelebrationofsupernaturalforcesButthemythsthathavegrownuparoundtheritesmaycontinueaspartofthegroup’soraltraditionandmayevencometobeactedoutunderconditionsdivorcedfromtheserites.Whenthisoccurs…细节题出题方式Accordingtotheparagraph,whichofthefollowingistrueofX?Theauthor’sdescriptionofXmentionswhichofthefollowing?Accordingtotheparagraph,Xoccursbecause…Accordingtotheparagraph,XdidYbecause…Accordingtotheparagraph,whydidXdoY?变数最多的题型，只要题干没有其他题型的明显标志就可以归为细节题True，原因，关系细节题考查关键迅速找到原文明确指出的事实信息准确判断选项对信息的转化常见错误选项特征无中生有信息杂糅直接相反答非所问做题技巧准确理解题干根据题干中的关键词定位原文读取原文相关信息（通常1-2句话）判断选项正误题干原文选项Example1.TPO3-3-6.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueofclimaxcommunities?Theyaremoreresilientthanpioneercommunities.Theycanbeconsideredboththemostandtheleaststablecommunities.Theyarestablebecausetheyrecoverquicklyaftermajordisturbances.Theyarethemostresilientcommunitiesbecausetheychangetheleastovertime.Paragraph4:Thequestionofecosystemstabilityiscomplicated,however.Thefirstproblemisthatecologistsdonotallagreewhat“stability”means.Stabilitycanbedefinedassimplylackofchange.Inthatcase,theclimaxcommunitywouldbeconsideredthemoststable,since,bydefinition,itchangestheleastovertime.Alternatively,stabilitycanbedefinedasthespeedwithwhichanecosystemreturnstoaparticularformfollowingamajordisturbance,suchasafire.Thiskindofstabilityisalsocalledresilience.Inthatcase,climaxcommunitieswouldbethemostfragileandtheleaststable,sincetheycanrequirehundredsofyearstoreturntotheclimaxstate.Example1.定位CCExample1.读懂原文Inthatcase,theclimaxcommunitywouldbeconsideredthemoststableInthatcase,climaxcommunitieswouldbethemostfragileandtheleaststableExample1.选出答案Theyaremoreresilientthanpioneercommuni