您好,欢迎访问三七文档
1.LanguageandCulture1.1Whatisculture?Broadlyspeaking,itmeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguage.Inanarrowsense,itreferstolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms.Therearegenerallytwotypesofculture:materialandspiritual.Theformerreferstosomethingconcrete,substantialandobservable,forexample,theforbiddencity,thegreatpyramid,etc.Thelattercaneitherbetangibleasworksofphilosophy,literature,orintangibleasideologies,beliefs,valuesetc.1.2TherelationshipbetweenL&CLexpressesculturalreality.Aluckydogvs.狗仗人势Lembodiesculturalidentity.Apersoninacommunity…Lsymbolizesculturalreality.PeopleareidentifiedviatheiruseofL.Lhelpsperpetuatetheculture.Tosumup,therelationofLtoCisthatofparttowhole,forLispartofC.Theknowledgeandbeliefsthatconstituteapeople’sculturearehabituallyencodedandtransmittedinL.Everypeoplehaveitsdistinctlanguageandculture.Differentculturesmaketheirdifferentideas,valuesandbeliefsreflectedindifferentlanguages.eg.dragon;Thatis,thesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsinpeopleunderdifferentculturalbackground,e.g.theword“dog”.Languageexpressesculturalreality,reflectsthepeople’sattitudes,beliefs,worldoutlooks,etc.Theculturebothemancipatesandconstrainspeoplesocially,historicallyandmetaphorically.Culturealsoaffectsitspeople’simaginationorcommondreamswhicharemediatedthroughthelanguageandreflectedintheirlife.Ontheonehand,languageasanintegralpartofhumanbeing,permeatesinhisthinkingandwayofviewingtheworld,languagebothexpressesandembodiesculturalreality;Ontheother,language,asaproductofculture,helpsperpetuatetheculture,andthechangesinlanguageusesreflecttheculturalchangesinreturn.ThestudyoflanguageandcultureontheBritainandAmericansidesOnBritainside,thefirstpersonwhocomeintoourviewisMalinowsky,whowaspioneerinthefieldofanthropologicalstudy.Malinowskyputforwardanimportantconceptthatbroughttogetherthelinguisticstudyandlanguageuseinrealsituation.Theconceptiscontext.Beforehim,thelinguisticstudiesaremainlycomparativeandstructural,thatis,suchstudiesareonlyconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationoflanguageswithoutconnectiontotheiruseinreallifeandculture.Eg.Hiscasestudyoftheprimitivemen.Malinowsky’scontextideawasfurtherdevelopedbyFirth,thefounderofLondonschoolintermsoflinguistics.Firth’sfamoussaying:“Eachwordwhenusedinanewcontextisanewword.”AnotherpersonwhoplaysamoreimportantinfluenceonlinguisticstudyinchinathanhistwopredecessorsisHalliday.Hissystemic-functionalgrammariswidelyappliedinChinesestudy.OntheAmericanside,attentionwillbedrawntotwofamouspersons,SapirandWhorf.NobodycantalksomethingaboutcultureandlanguagewithoutspeakingSapir-Whorfhypothesis.1.3Sapir-WhorfHypothesisOurLhelpsmouldourwayofthinkinganddifferentLsmayprobablyexpressouruniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.Lfilterspeople’speceptionandthewaytheycategorizeexperiences.Strongversion&weakversionStrongversionbelievesthatthelanguagepatternsdeterminepeople’sthinkingandbehavior;Weakversionholdsthattheformerinfluencethelatter.---ThestudyofthelinguisticrelativityorSWHhasshedtwoimportantinsights;Linguisticdeterminism:Lmaydetermineourthinkingpatterns.Linguisticrelativity:differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround.English:horseshoeFrench:feracheval——ironforhorseGerman:hufeisen——hoofironTheEskimoshavecountlesswordsforsnow.TheArabs,forcamels.1.4LinguisticevidenceofculturaldifferencesTermsofaddressGreetingsThanksandcomplimentsPrivacyandtaboosColorwords1.5Culture-loadedwords烫手的山芋vs.hotpotato雨后春笋vs.springlikemushroom大鱼大肉、鱼肉百姓、酒肉朋友meatandpotatoes,Meatanddrinktosomeonesweetsmile(甜甜的笑容),sweetgirl(甜美的女孩),sweetnothings(甜言蜜语)killthegoosethatlaysthegoldeneggs”vs.“杀鸡取卵”Coldwordsvs.冷言冷语Constantdroppingwearsthestone.滴水穿石Diamondcutdiamond.棋逢对手Killamanwhenheisdown.落井下石1.6CulturaloverlapanddiffusionThroughcommunication,someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomespartofcultureB.LoanwordsinJapanese,Chinese,English.LinguisticimperialismLinguisticnationalism2.LanguageandsocietyTwoviewsoflinguisticinquiry:MonisticorAutonomousPursuitofanindependentscience:ChomskyanlinguisticsDualistic:Sociolinguistics2.1SociolinguisticsThesub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenLandsociety,betweentheusesofLandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersofLlive.2.2Relatednessbetweenlanguageandsociety----Therearemanyindicationsoftheinter-relationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Languageisnotalwaysusedtoexchangeinformationasisgenerallyassumed,butratheritissometimesusedtofulfillanimportantsocialfunction--toestablishandmaintainsocialrelationshipbetweenpeople.(e.g.greeting)Asasocialphenomenonlanguageiscloselyrelatedtothestructureofthesocietyinwhichitisused,theevaluationofalinguisticformisentirelysocialUsersofthesamelanguageinasenseallspeakdifferently.Thekindoflanguageeachofthemchoosestouseisinpartdeterminedbyhiss
本文标题:语言学
链接地址:https://www.777doc.com/doc-3879915 .html