大学英语语法 并列与从属

并列与从属是两种不同的连接手段。从语义上看，两个分句所表示的意义，在说话人看来，如果具有同等的重要性，就可以把它们并列起来，连成一个并列句。而从属是语义上分清主次的手段，是把次要的思想内容置于结构上的从属地位，从而突出句子的主要思想。如：Wearepreparedtomakecertainconcessions.Wefindithardtoputupwiththeloss.next并列与从属并列nextWearepreparedtomakecertainconcessionsbutwefindithardtoputupwiththeloss.语义重心在后半句从属Although/Though/Eventhough/Whilewearepreparedtomakecertainconcessions,wefindithardtoputupwiththeloss.Although/Though/Eventhough/Whilewefindithardtoputupwiththeloss,wearepreparedtomakecertainconcessions.语义重心在主句常用的并列连词有：and,or,but,nor,so,yet,both…and，either…or,not…but,notonly…butalso,not…nor,neither…nor,aswellas,asmuchas,ratherthan,morethan,for（因为）,while（而）,whereas等。(见教材P342-343)next限定从属分句：从句相当于名词、形容词、副词。1）从句当名词用——名词性从句，可作主语，宾语，主语补语，介词补足成分和同位语。Ijustcan’tunderstandwhyLadyGagaissopopular.2)从句当形容词用，做定语——形容词性分句，即关系分句，定语从句Itisthepig(which/that)Tinaraises.next3)从句当副词用，做状语——副词性分句，即状语从句Whenshewasstillababy,shelikedtakingphotos.nextnext1.You’llfinditwhereitwas.2.Tellmetheplacewherehelives.3.Idon’tknowwherehecamefrom.4.Wherehehasgoneisnotknownyet.5.Thisiswheretheyoncelived.(地点状语从句)(定语从句)(宾语从句)(主语从句)(表语从句)next从属连词，连接代词，连接副词，关系代词，关系副词1.从属连词:用来引导状语从句和名词性从句(引导名词性从句的只有that,whether，在句中不作成分）。2.连接代词、连接副词：引导名词性从句3.关系代词、关系副词：引导定语从句ThisisthebookwhichIlikemost.Ihavenoideawhichwineisbest.Ihavenoideawhatwineisbest.Idon’tknowwhichwineisbest.Ibelievethathewillsucceed.Heisnottheperson____heusedtobe.Heisnot____heusedtobe.next范围小，同位语从句范围大，同位语从句宾语从句that不充当成分，无意义thatwhat在定语从句中在名词性从句中which宾语、主语定语（范围小）what不用what定语（范围大）主语、宾语、表语that主语、宾语、表语不充当成分，无意义1：Insomecountries,iscalled“equality”doesnotreallymeanequalrightsforallpeople.(CET-4,1995年6月)A)whichB)oneC)thatD)what2：isthecenterofourplanetarysystemwasadifficultconcepttograspintheMiddleAges.(CET-6，1993年6月)A)ItisthesunandnottheearthB)BeingthesunandnottheearthC)ThesunandnottheearthD)Thatthesunandnottheearthnext主语从句DD1：Thereasonwhyhehasn’tcomeis________.A)becausehismotherisillB)becauseofhismother’sbeingillC)thathismotherisillD)forhismotherisillnext表语从句C1：Themerefactmostpeoplebelievenuclearwarswouldbemadnessdoesn'tmeanthatitwillnotoccur.(CET-4，1997年6月)A)whatB)whichC)thatD)whynext同位语从句C1：BysuccessIdon'tmeanusuallythoughtofwhenthatwordisused.(CET-4，1996年6月)A)whatisB)thatweC)asyouD)allis2：Thisbookwillshowthereaderscanbeusedinothercontexts.(CET-6，1996年1月)A)howthattheyhaveobservedB)thathowtheyhaveobservedC)howwhattheyhaveobservedD)thattheyhaveobservednext宾语从句AC1：Scientistssayitmaybefiveortenyearsitispossibletotestthismedicineonhumanpatients.(CET-4，1995年6月)A)sinceB)whenC)afterD)before2：Ifeltsomewhatdisappointedandwasabouttoleave,somethingoccurredwhichattractedmyattention.(CET-4，1996年1月)A)unlessB)untilC)whenD)while3：Stormyapplausebrokeforthsheappearedonthestage.A)themomentB)amomentC)atthemomentD)inamomentnext状语从句DCAthemoment,theminute,theinstant,thesecondimmediately,instantly,directlyImmediatelyyoubegintotalk,hegivesyouhisfullattention.由关系代词引导的定语从句:1：Itwasn'tsuchagooddinnershehadpromisedus.(CET-4，1990年1月)A)thatB)whichC)asD)what2：TheBritisharenotsofamiliarwithdifferentculturesandotherwaysofdoingthings,isoftenthecaseinothercountries.(CET-4，1998年6月)A)asB)whatC)soD)thatnext定语从句CA由关系代词引导的定语从句:3:Thereisnorulehasexceptions.A)whichB)thatC)butD)unlessnext定语从句C比较下列句子中的but用法是否相同。1.Therewasnoonebutknowsthat.2.Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents.3.Notaskissodifficultbutwecanaccomplishit.4.Nothingissohardbutitbecomeseasybypractice.1、2句中的that是关系代词，相当于that…not或who…not；3、4句中的是连词，相当于butthat由关系副词引导的定语从句:1：YouarejustthesameasyouwerethedayIfirstmetyou.(考研,1982年)A)thatB)whichC)whenD)how2：I’veneverbeentoBeijing,butit'stheplace.(CET-4，1999年6月)A)whereI'dliketovisitB)ImostwanttovisitC)inwhichI'dliketovisitD)whatIwanttovisitmostnext定语从句CB限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句比较限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词、关系副词来引导。非限制性定语从句（教材P.380）仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。Mydaughter,whostudiesintheU.S.,rangmeyesterday.MydaughterwhostudiesintheU.S.rangmeyesterday.（一）在定语从句中只用that的情况1先行词为不定代词all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none等时IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?2先行词被形容词最高级、序数词或all，any，much，few，some,little,no,every，theonly,thevery等修饰时Allthepeoplethatarepresentburstintotears.3先行词为既指人又指物的两个或两个以上的名词时Theboyandthedogthatareinthepictureareverylovely.nextWhich与that在定语从句中的区别4关系代词在限制性定语从句中做表语时Heisnotthemanthathewastenyearsago.5主句是以who或which引导的特殊疑问句时Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?(二)不用that的情况1在非限制性定语从句中2在介词之后nextWhich与that在定语从句中的区别1____youdon’tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.AWhatBWhoCThatD/2_____isapitythatyoumissedhisspeech.AThatBThisCWhatDIt3_____wasknowntousallthatTomhadbrokenhispromise_____hewouldgivethemarise.AAs,whichBWhat，thatCIt，thatDIt，whichnextCCD4Nobodybelievedhisreasonforbeinglate____hiscarbrokendownontheway.AthatBwhyCwhichDbecause5_____alltheinventionhaveincommonis_____theyhavesucceeded.AWhatwhatBThatthatCWhatthatDThatwhat6Sheisnolongertheperson____sheusedtobe.AthatBwhichCwhatDwhonextACAnext长难句分析1．ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentc