英汉翻译课件Lecture 8 Cohesion in Translation

TranslationoftheText:TextualConsciousnessLecture8CohesioninTranslationTextualconsciousnessintranslation语篇意识It’scommontousetextasaunitfortheanalysisoftranslationasitenablesthetranslatortoappreciatethelinguisticform,meaningandspiritoftheoriginal.翻译中应当大处着眼(top-down)，小处着手(bottom-up)，小单位、低层次服从于大单位、高层次。Textisnotamereaggregationofsentences;rather,itisasemanticunity.Cohesion衔接、粘连Coherence连贯COHESIONM.A.K.Halliday(2000:4):cohesionisasemanticconcept,referringtorelationsofmeaningthatexistwithinthetext,anditoccurswheretheinterpretationofsomeelementinthediscourseisdependentonthatofanother.CohesiveDevicesCommonlyUsedinEnglishandChineseHalliday&Hasan(1976，1985/1994)五大类:照应(reference),替代(substitution),省略(ellipsis),连接(conjunction)及词汇衔接(lexicalcohesion)。其中前四类属于语法衔接手段,后一类属于词汇衔接手段。语法衔接是语篇具有的典型特征之一。Referenceidentifiedintermsoffunction,location,andidentityorsimilarity:Personalreference,e.g.he,she,it,they,him,etc.Demonstrativereference,e.g.here,there,thisthat,those,etc.Comparativereference,e.g.better,more/other,different,else/same,identical,equal,similar,additional,etc.Peter,Peter,pumpkineater,hadawifeandcouldn’tkeepher.Heputherinapumpkinshell,andtherehekeptherverywell.(personal)Youmustremember,mydearmother,thatIhaveneverconsideredthismatterascertain.Ihavehadmydoubts,Iconfess;buttheyarefainterthantheywere,andtheymaysoonbeentirelydoneaway…您应该记住，我的好妈妈，我从来没有把事情看得一定如此。我承认我有疑虑，但是不像以前那么重了，也许很快就会彻底打消……SubstitutionSubstitutionisusuallyidentifiedbythegrammaticalfunctionofthesubstituteitem.InEnglish,thesubstitutemayfunctionasanoun,asaverb,orasaclause.Tothesecorrespondthethreetypesofsubstitution:nominal,verbal,andclausal.Nominalsubstitution:one/ones;same,e.g.A:IfonlyIcouldrememberwhereitwasthatIsawsomeoneputtingawaytheboxwiththosecandlesin，Icouldfinishthedecorationsnow.B:Youmeanthelittlecoloredones?A:Iwillhavetwoeggsontoast,please.B:Iwillhavethesame.Verbalsubstitution:doHeneverreallysucceededinhisambitions.Hemighthavedone,onefelt,haditnotbeenfortherestlessnessofhisnature.Clausalsubstitution:theentireclauseispresupposed,andthecontrastingelementisoutsidetheclause,e.g.A:Istheregoingtobeanearthquake?B:Itsaysso.EllipsisEllipsiscanberegardedassubstitutionbyzero.Anellipticalitemisonewhich,asitwere,leavesspecificstructuralslotstobefilledfromelsewhere,e.g.Joanbroughtsomecarnations,andCatherineØsomesweetpeas.A:Wouldyouliketohearanotherverse?B:IknowtwelvemoreØ.Inariotofscubabubbles,touristandguideplungedintoanunderwatercavern.And,truetohiswords,theguidedartedthroughthegloom,chasingsleekfivefootlongshadows.Nottoworry.InthespectacularunderseaworldoffPalau,thesharksareaslaidbackasthelocalresidents.Andwhowouldn'tbe?SlungacrossthePacific800milessouthwestofGuam,thestringofislands—eightinhabited,200ormorestillunpopulated—makeuponeofthoseincreasinglyrarecommodities,aPacificparadise.随着潜水呼吸器咕噜咕噜的水泡声，旅游者和导游潜入了水下110英尺的一个洞天。导游的话不假，他飞快地穿过阴暗层，去追逐那光滑的有五英尺长的影子。不用担心。在帕劳一带壮丽的海底世界里，鲨鱼也和当地居民一样悠然自得。但谁不担心呢？遍及关岛西南800英里海域的一系列岛屿——8个有人居住，200个或更多的岛屿仍荒无人烟——构成了一个稀有的宝地，一个位于太平洋中的乐园。悠然自得随着潜水呼吸器咕噜咕噜的水泡声，旅游者和导游潜入了水下110英尺的一个洞天。导游的话不假，他飞快地穿过阴暗层，去追逐那光滑的有五英尺长的影子。不用担心。在帕劳一带壮丽的海底世界里，鲨鱼也和当地居民一样悠然自得。又有谁不会这样呢？遍及关岛西南800英里海域的一系列岛屿——8个有人居住，200个或更多的岛屿仍荒无人烟——构成了一个稀有的宝地，一个位于太平洋中的乐园。ConjunctionConjunctionisconcernedwiththewayinwhichwhatistofollowissystematicallyconnectedtowhathasgonebefore.Itisessentiallyasemanticrelation,whichisnottiedtoanyparticularsequenceintheexpression;iftwosentencescohereintoatextbyvirtueofsomeformofconjunction,thisdoesnotmeanthattherelationbetweenthemcouldsubsistonlyiftheyoccurinthatparticularorder.Typesofconjunction1)additive:and,andalso,nor,and…nor,or,orelseFurthermore,inaddition,besides,alternatively,incidentally,bythewayThatis,Imean,inotherwords,forinstance/forexample,thusLikewise,similarity,inthesameway2)Adversative:yet,though,only,but,however,nevertheless,despitethis,Infact,actually,asmatteroffact,ontheotherhand,atthesametime,instead,rather,onthecontrary,atleast,(rather,Imean)Inanycase,ineithercase,whicheverwayitis,anyhow,atanyrate,howeveritis3)causal:So,then,hence,therefore,consequently,becauseofthis,forthisreason,onaccountof,inconsequence,forthispurpose,withthisinmindFor,because,onthisbasis,arisingoutofthis,tothisend,Inthatcase,insuchanevent,thatbeingso,underthecircumstances,otherwise,Inthisrespect,inthisregard,withthisreferencetothis,asidefromthis,4)temporal:Then,next,afterthat,atthesametime,previously,beforethat,finally,atlast,first…then,atfirst…intheend,Atonce,soon,afteratime,nexttime,untilthen,atthismoment,Finallyinconclusion,first…next,…finally,Uptonow,hitherto,atthispoint,here,fromnow,henceforward,tosumup,inshort,briefly,toreturntothepoint,insummary,inbrief,toresumeLexicalCohesionLexicalcohesion,roughlyspeaking,referstothatachievedbytheselectionofvocabulary,fallingintotwomajorcategories:collocationandreiteration.Collocationreferstotherelationshipachievedthroughtheassociationoflexicalitemsthatregularlyco-occur.Collocationoccurswhenthefollowingitemsareused:pairsofwords(boys/girls;boy/child;skate/play;standup/sitdown;like/hate;wet/