大学英语写作_9月6日

Introductiontoessaydevelopment&ArgumentationBy韩芳[e-mail]:13783521820Indescription,thewritermakesaverbalpictureofaperson,place,orthing.Innarration,awritertellsthestoryofsomethingthathappened.Inexposition,thewriterprovidesinformationaboutandexplainsaparticularsubject.Inargumentation,awriterattemptstosupportacontroversialpointortodefendapositiononwhichthereisadifferenceofopinion.Whileeachessaythatyouwritewillinvolveonepredominantpattern,veryoftenoneormoreadditionalpatternsmaybeinvolved.Nomatterwhichpatternorpatternsyouuse,eachessaywillprobablyinvolvesomeformofargumentation.UnderstandingtheNatureandLengthofanAssignmentKnowingYourSubjectKnowingYourPurposeandAudienceDeterminingYourPointofViewUsingPeerReviewDoingaPersonalReviewFirstofall,beclearaboutwhatkindofpapertheinstructorhasinmind.findoutrightatthestarthowlongapaperisexpectedtobe.trytowriteonasubjectthatinterestsyou.Trytowriteonasubjectthatyoualreadyknowsomethingabout.(directorindirectexperience—knowledgegainedthroughthinking,reading,ortalkingaboutthesubjectaswellasfromprewriting)Threemostcommonpurposesofwritingaretoinform,topersuade,andtoentertain.Youraudiencewillbeprimarilyyourinstructorandsometimesotherstudents----asymbolofthelargeraudience—educatedadultreaderswhoexpectyoutopresentyourideasinaclear,direct,organizedway.Amorespecificaudience--developanabilitytochoosewordsandadoptatoneandpointofviewthatarejustrightforagivenaudience.Thefirst-personapproach:narrativeessaysbasedonpersonalexperienceorpersonalobservation.Thesecond-personapproach:directinstructionsandexplanationstothereader(processessay).Thethird-personapproach:academicwriting(observingandreportingonmattersofpublicratherthanprivateimportance;informationachievedthroughobservation,thinking,orreading).ArgumentationTheabilitytoputforthsoundandcompellingargumentsisanimportantskillineverydaylife.Tomakeapointwhennecessary(discussionorpersuasion,etc.)Toseethroughfaultyargumentsthatothersmaymake.Tobecomeabettercritic(advertisements,newspaperarticles,politicalspeeches,andtheotherpersuasiveappeals).awell-defined,controversialissueAclearpositiontakenbythewriterAconvincingargumentAreasonabletone.EveryChineseislookingforwardtoChina'sentryintoWTO,widelyseenasablessingandapromiseofprosperity.Itseemstobesoatfirstsight,however,onreflection,we'reconvincedthatit'sjustanothercoinwithtwosides.Ontheonehand,boththenationandpeoplewillbenefitgreatlyfromChina'sentryintoWTO.ShutoutofWTO,ChinaDusedtobedeprivedofequaltradeopportunitiesandwasplacedatadistinctdisadvantageinworldtrade.ThissituationwillchangeifChinaentersWTO.Inaddition,foreigncompanieswillstreamintoChinaandoffergreatjobopportunities,which,inasense,willrelievetheunemploymentproblem.Ontheotherhand,theentrywillimposesomenegativeeffectsonChina.State-ownedenterprisesinChinaareundergoinggreatdifficulties,whichwillbemoreacutewiththeflowofforeigncompetitorsintoChina.Inshort,excitedabouttheadvantagescausedbytheentry,weshouldnotlosesightoftheseverechallengesposedbyit.UseTactful,CourteousLanguagePointOutCommonGroundAcknowledgeDifferingViewpointsWhenAppropriate,GranttheMeritsofDifferingViewpoints.RebutDifferingViewpointsItisimportant,therefore,nottoangerthembyreferringtothemortheiropinionsinrudeorbelittlingterms.1)Stayawayfromsweepingstatements.(like“Everybodyknowsthat...”or“Peoplewithanyintelligenceagreethat....”)2)keepthefocusontheissueyouarediscussing,notonthepeopleinvolvedinthedebate.(Don'twrite,“Myopponentssaythatorphanagescostlessthanfostercare.”Instead,write,“Supportersoforphanagessaythatorphanagescostlessthanfostercare.”)Readerswillbemorereceptivetoyourideaoncetheyhaveconsideredhowyouandtheythinkalike.Eg.Viewpoint:thereshouldbean11p.m.curfew(宵禁)forjuvenilesinyourtown.Sharinggoals:asafercity,alowercrimerate,andfewergang-relatedtragedies.Acknowledgingotherviewpointsstrengthensyourpositioninseveralways.1)Ithelpsyouspotflawsintheopposingposition—aswellasinyourownargument.2)Itgivestheimpressionthatyouareareasonableperson,willingtolookatanissuefromallsides.Theearlierthebetter—ideally,intheintroduction.Byquicklyestablishingthatyourecognizetheotherside'sposition,yougetyourreadersonboardwithyou,readytohearwhatelseyouhavetosay.tocitetheopposingviewpointinyourthesisstatement.touseoneortwosentences(separatefromthethesis)intheintroductiontoacknowledgethealternativeposition.touseaparagraphwithinthebodyofyouressaytosummarizeopposingopinionsingreaterdetail.Eg1.Althoughsomestudentsbelievethatstudyingaforeignlanguageisawasteoftime,twoyearsofforeign-languagestudyshouldberequiredofallcollegegraduates.Eg2.Manypeoplearguethatworkingcanbeavaluableexperiencefortheyoung.However,workingmorethanaboutfifteenhoursaweekisharmfultoadolescentsbecauseitreducestheirinvolvementwithschool,encouragesamaterialisticandexpensivelifestyle,andincreasesthechanceofhavingproblemswithdrugsandalcohol.Sometimesanopposingargumentcontainsapointwhosevalidityyoucannotdeny.Whattodo?Thestrongeststrategyistoadmitthatthepointisagoodone.Reason:Youwilllosecredibilityifyouarg