英语国家概况(修订版)Chapter 10

AGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries英语国家概况TheUnitedStatesofAmericaForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressGovernmentChapterTenForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesCONTENTConstitution1FederalSystem&Government2PoliticalParties3Election4ForeignPolicy5ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesConstitution—basicinstrumentlaw,drawnupin1787,cameintoeffectin1789Twocharacters:separationofpowers,checksandbalancesspecifiedexactlywhatpowerthecentralgovernmenthadandwhichpowerwasreservedforthestates1.ConstitutionForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesSignificanceoftheConstitutionTakingprecedenceoverallstateconstitutionsandlaws,andoverlawsmadebythecongress;Firstofitskindintheworld,ithasinspireddozensofothercountriestoseekpoliticalreform.1.USConstitutionForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesWhatisfederalism?Whatistheseparationofpowers?WhatarethequalificationsforaUSPresident?HowdoyouunderstandthepowerofAmericanPresident?ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries2.FederalSystem&Government2.12.22.32.4ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressTheFederalGovernmentTheExecutiveBranchTheLegislativeBranchTheJudicialBranchForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesTheFederalGovernment—thecentralgovernmentThreeequalandseparatebranches：TheExecutivebranchTheLegislativebranchTheJudicialbranchTheyarecheckedandbalancedbyoneanother.2.1TheFederalGovernmentForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries2.2TheexecutivebranchDepartments&WhiteHouseFunctionsofThePresidentQualificationsofThePresidentWatergateScandal2.2.12.2.22.2.32.2.4ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesTheexecutivebranchconsistsof15departmentsandmanyindependentagencies；Cabinetisformedbydepartmentheads—secretaries；sourceofadviceandassistancetothepresidentPresidentischiefoftheexecutive.firstcitizenhiswife—FirstLady2.2.1Departments&WhiteHouseForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries(CIA),etc.TheWhiteHouseatChristmasnightForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesAsChiefExecutive,heisgiventheauthorityorduty:tocommandthearmedforcesandgrantpardons;tomakeappointmentstocertainoffices;toconcludetreaties;tosendandreceivediplomaticandconsularofficials;toinformCongressonthe“stateoftheUnion”;torecommendlegislation,approveorvetobillspassedbyCongress,andensuretheexecutionoflaws.2.2.2FunctionsofThePresidentForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesThepresident’slimits:majorappointmentswithapprovaloftheSenate;vetooverriddenbyCongresswithtwo-thirdsconsentoftheSenators;allappropriationslegislatedbyCongress;canbeimpeachedbyCongressifabusingpowerorcommittingcrimes;nopowertodismissCongress;hispolicycanbevetoedandabolishedbytheSupremeCourt.2.2.2FunctionsofThePresidentForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesNatural-bornAmericancitizenofandover35yearsold;BeingresidentwithinUSforatleast14years;Serveoneortwosuccessivetermsoffouryears.FranklinD.Roosevelt—theonlypresidentwhoservedmorethantwosuccessivetermsAfterWorldWarII,Congressadoptedanamendmentlimitingapresidenttotwosuccessivetermsonly.2.2.3QualificationsofThePresidentForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries2.2.4PresidentandScandalWatergateScandalTheWatergatescandaloccurredin1972.Itremainsoneofthetoppresidentialscandalsofmoderntime.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesTodefeathisadversary,NixonhiredfiveburglarstosetupwiretapstogetconfidentialinformationintheDemocraticNationalCommitteeoffices;ItwasexposedandbecamethebiggestpoliticalscandalinthehistoryofAmerica;Becauseofthepressureofpublic,Nixonwastobeimpeachedbutheresignedin1974.2.2.4PresidentandScandalListentotheAudio:WatergateForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesWhatqualificationsareprescribedforaRepresentativeandaSenator?WhatarethefunctionsoftheCongress?Brieflystatethelegislativeprocess—howdoesabillbeco