05--非谓语动词-概述与不定式

Warming–upExercise1.Canyouhavethewashing-machine_______(send)tomyplace?2.Thosewhohavequestions________(ask),raiseyourhands.3.Yourshoesaredirty.Theyneed________(wash)badly.4.Wouldyoulike________(take)partinthesportsmeet?5.Thestudentsfeltlike______(solve)theproblemsonceforall.senttoaskwashingtotakesolvingLecture4Non-predicateVerb非谓语动词•概述：顾名思义，非谓语动词就是不能充当谓语的动词。除了不能作谓语外，非谓语动词具备动词的特征，可以在句中充当多种成分。根据种类的不同，非谓语动词充当的成分也不一，因此，非谓语动词呈现出多样性和复杂性，需要逐一对比分析，多观察，多推理。第一节分类(classification)•非谓语动词可分为三大类型：•不定式(Infinitive)•动名词(Gerund)现在分词(-ing)•分词（Participle）(PresentP.)过去分词(-ed)(PastP.)第二节构成与成分比较分类构成成分主语宾语表语定语状语补语不定式todo动名词doing分词doing-ed☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☹☹☹☹第三节不定式构成与特征：主动被动一般todotobedone进行tobedoing完成tohavedonetohavebeendone完成进行tohavebeendoing1.动词不定式的一般式所表示的动作和状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作和状态的同时或以后：•Ibelievehimtobeanartist.•HewaseagertovisitBeijing.•Shefounditdifficulttobeunderstoodbyherstudents.•Allofusweresurprisedtohavelearnedthatyouareplanningtoleaveschoolnextsemester.(改错)•tolearn2.动词不定式的进行式所表示的动作和状态与谓语动词所表示的动作和状态同时发生：•ThebookissaidtobesellingwellintheU.S.A.•Heappearedtobelisteningattentively.•I’dratherreadthanwatchtelevision;theprogramsseem____allthetime.A.togetworseB.tobegettingworseC.tohavegoneworseD.gettingworse3.动词不定式的完成式所表示的动作和状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作和状态以前：I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforme.Theyaresaidtohavefinishedthewholeproject.Mostofthemarereportedtohavebeenprintedontime.Good-bye,Mr.Zhang.I’mpleased___.A.tomeetyouB.meetingyouC.tohavemetyouD.havingmetyouKey:C(“再见”表明已经见过了）4.动词不定式的否定式在to前加not:•Shedecidednottobelateagain.•Heregrettednottohavecaredforhertheseyears.•Theypretendednottobelisteningtous.5.不定式的被动式表示其逻辑主语为不定式动作的承受者：Therearemorethanfiftyproposals___attheconference.A.discussedB.discussingC.tobediscussedD.havingbeendiscussedKey:C(现在时，被动态）•不定式的功能与用法动词不定式在句中起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可以充当主语、表语、宾语、定语、宾补、主补和状语。1.主语:既可位于句首,亦可用先行词it作形式主语.•Tolearnaforeignlanguagetakesalongtimeandlotsofhardwork.•IttakesalongtimeandlotsofhardworktolearnEnglish.•Itisbettertodieonone’sfeetthan____.A.livingonone’skneesB.liveonone’skneesC.onone’skneesD.toliveonone’skneesKey:D(一致)2.表语：表目的：Thenextstepistomakesurethatyouknowexactlywhatisrequired.Thepurposeoftheexchangeprogramistopromotetheunderstandingbetweenthetwocountries.•表示事态发展或预期的结果：Tobecomeaslaveistogiveupone’sfreedom.Manistoliveabetterlifeinthenextcentury.•用于第一人称疑问句，表示征求意见：WhatamItosayiftheyaskmethequestion?•用于被动语态，具有情态意义：Theregulationsaretobeobserved.Heistoberewardedforhisbrilliantdiscoveries.•表示命令、决定、劝告、意愿、禁止等：Themanisguiltyandistoundergotenmonths’imprisonment.(决定)Youmustbepatientandpersistentifyouaretosucceed.(愿望)•可用主动形式表被动：Agreatdealisyettodo.(很多事情还要去做.)Littleremainstodo.(几乎没有什么要做的.)Sheistoblame.(她应该受到谴责.)3.宾语（动词宾语，介词宾语）1）作单宾语Weregret____youthatmaterialsyouorderedareoutofstock.A.informingB.toinformC.havinginformedD.tohaveinformedKey:B(我们遗憾的通知你，你所订购的材料没有现货）Mr.Johnsonpreferred____heavierworktodo.A.tobegivenB.tobegivingC.tohavegivenD.havinggivenKey:A约翰先生宁愿被分配较重的工作去做。•能够以不定式作单宾语的动词分类：1）接不定式不接动名词的动词：同意、拒绝、决心、试图、希望、要求afforddarehoperefuseagreedecidelearnresolve(决心)aim(打算)demandlongseekarrangedesiremanagethreatenaskdetermineoffervolunteerbegexpectplanwantcarefailpreparewishchoosefearpretendclaimhelppromise•2）接不定式或接动名词的动词（与动名词比较）•可以互换：attempt(多接不定式）(can’t)bearbeginbotherceasecommence(开始)continuehateintendlikeloveneglectomitpreferpropose(打算、建议)start•不可以互换：rememberforgetregret(后悔/遗憾、抱歉)mean(打算/意味着)goonstopneedwant(主观上想要/客观上需要)•复合宾语：在consider,feel,find,make,regard,think等动词后作复合宾语中的宾语时，通常需要先行词作形式宾语。•翻译：我觉得学好英语很难。•Ifeel/thinkthattolearnEnglishwellisverhard.•IfindithardtolearnEnglishwell.•Weconsideritagreathonortobeinvited.•Imakeitarule_________(keep)recordsoneveryexperiment.tokeep•不定式作介词宾语：常见于except,but的宾语。如果句中的except或but之前有实义动词do的任何形式，则省to。•翻译：除了做饭他什么都能做。•Hecandoeverythingexceptcook.•Hewantednothingbuttostaythere.•“Ithoughtyouhadplannedtopracticepianotoday.”“Ididnothingbut___lettersallday.”A.towriteB.writeC.writingD.wroteB4.不定式作定语：•被修饰词与不定式之间有逻辑上的施动关系(主谓）1）Hisnextbooktoappearthismonthwillbepopular.2）In1938PearlS.BuckbecamethefirstAmericanwoman___theNobelPrizeforLiterature.A.receiveB.receivedC.toreceiveD.shereceived3）Theapplicants___________________(interview)arerequiredtobringallthenecessarypapers.(被动式，受动关系。）Ctobeinterviewed•被修饰词与不定式之间有逻辑上的受动关系1.Ihavesomeletterstomail.2.Doyoulikesomethingtodrink?3.Everyonehadanapplicationforminhishand,butnooneknewwhichofficeroom____.A.tosendittoB.tosenditC.tobesenttoD.tohaveitsend4.I’vegotaloafofbread;nowI’mlookingforaknife________(cut)itwith.tocutitwithaknife用刀切haveaknifecut把刀切了Atocut•有时被修饰的名词为其后不定式短语中介词的宾语，此时的介词是必不可少的。•Therewerenochairtositon.•Hedoesn'thavearoomtolivein.•Theboy’sfatherboughthimalargetoytrain_____.A.toplaywithB.toplaywithitC.whichtoplaywithD.atwhichtoplayA•被修饰的名词与常接不定式的动词同源：•Ihavenowishtomakeacomplaint.(Idon’twishtomakeacomplaint.)•Heexpressedhisintentiontoresign.(Heintendedtoresign.)•类似的词：attempt-attempt,decision-decide,determination-determine,failure-fail,need-need,promise-promise翻译：他承诺过今晚要来参加舞会的。Hemadeapromisetojoinintheballtonight.Hepromisedtojoinintheballtonight.•被修饰的名词与常接不定式的形容词同源：•H